Editing Cumberland, Maryland (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Cumberland, Maryland}}
Cumberland was named by English colonists after the son of [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]], [[Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland|Prince William, the Duke of Cumberland]]. It is built on the site of the mid-18th century [[Fort Cumberland (Maryland)|Fort Cumberland]], the starting point for British General [[Edward Braddock]]'s ill-fated attack on the French stronghold of [[Fort Duquesne]] (present-day Pittsburgh) during the [[French and Indian War]], the North American front of the Seven Years' War between the French and the British. (See [[Braddock expedition]].) This area had been settled for thousands of years by indigenous peoples. The fort was developed along the [[Great Indian Warpath]] which tribes used to travel the backcountry.

Cumberland also served as an outpost of Colonel [[George Washington]] during the French and Indian War, and his first military headquarters was built here. Washington returned as President of the United States in 1794 to Cumberland to review troops assembled to thwart the [[Whiskey Rebellion]].
[[File:Cumberland md braddock road.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Braddock's Military Road]]

During the 19th century, Cumberland was a key road, railroad and canal junction. It became the second-largest city in Maryland after the port city of Baltimore. It was nicknamed "The Queen City".<ref name="WDL"/> Cumberland was the terminus, and namesake, of the [[Cumberland Road]] (begun in 1811) that extended westward to the [[Ohio River]] at [[Wheeling, West Virginia]]. This was the first portion of what would be constructed as the [[National Road]], which eventually reached [[Ohio]], [[Indiana]], and [[Illinois]].<ref name="WDL"/> In the 1850s, many black fugitives reached their final stop on the [[Underground Railroad]] beneath the floor of the Emmanuel Episcopal Church. A maze of tunnels beneath and an abolitionist pastor above provided refuge before the final five mile trip to freedom in Pennsylvania.<ref name="Emmanuel">{{cite news |title=For many, path to freedom ran here |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2002/feb/10/20020210-035626-4242r/ |access-date=23 January 2019 |date=February 10, 2002 |archive-date=January 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223244/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2002/feb/10/20020210-035626-4242r/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The surrounding hillsides were mined for coal and iron ore, and harvested for timber that helped supply the [[Industrial Revolution]]. The [[Chesapeake and Ohio Canal]] had its western terminus here; it was built to improve the movement of goods between the Midwest and Washington, DC, the eastern terminus. Construction of railroads superseded use of the canal, as trains were faster and could carry more freight. The city developed as a major manufacturing center, with industries in glass, breweries, fabrics, tires, and tinplate.

With the restructuring of heavy industry in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states following World War II, the city lost many jobs. As a result, its population has declined by nearly half, from 39,483 in the 1940 census to fewer than 20,000 today.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nR/travel/cumberland/history.htm |title=Cumberland History |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-date=February 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225025508/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nR/travel/cumberland/history.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=nps>Parts of this article are copied from the [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/cumberland/history.htm, Cumberland History], a [[National Park Service]] website whose contents are in the public domain.</ref>