Editing Cultural diversity (section)

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Harmony Day (5475651018).jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Harmony Day]] is dedicated to celebrating [[Australia]]'s cultural diversity.]]
In the context of national and international efforts to promote or preserve cultural diversity, the term applies to five overlapping domains:

* ''economic'': the availability of diverse cultural goods or services,
* ''artistic'': the variety of artistic genres and styles that coexist,
* ''participatory'': the participation of diverse ethnic groups in a nation's culture,
* ''heritage'': the diversity of cultural traditions that are represented in heritage institutions such as museums, and
* ''multicultural'': the variety of ethnic groups and their traditions that are visible in a country.

Of these five, the economic meaning has come to dominate in international negotiations. Nations have principally looked to protect cultural diversity by strengthening the ability of their domestic cultural industries to sell goods or services.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Beukelaer |editor1-first=Christiaan |editor2-last=Pyykkönen |editor2-first=Miikka |editor3-last=Singh |editor3-first=J. P. |title=Globalization, culture and development: the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity |date=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire |isbn=978-1-137-39763-8|pages=24–26|chapter=Confusing Culture, Polysemous Diversity: "Culture" and "Cultural Diversity" in and after the Convention|author1-first=Christiaan |author1-last=De Beukelaer |author2-first= Miikka |author2-last=Pyykkönen}}</ref> Since the 1990s, [[UNESCO]] has mainly used "cultural diversity" for the international aspects of diversity, preferring the term "[[cultural pluralism]]" for diversity within a country.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Beukelaer |editor1-first=Christiaan |editor2-last=Pyykkönen |editor2-first=Miikka |editor3-last=Singh |editor3-first=J. P. |title=Globalization, culture and development: the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity |date=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire |isbn=978-1-137-39763-8|page=61|chapter="Cultural Diversity" at UNESCO: A Trajectory|author1-first=Galia |author1-last=Saouma |author2-first=Yudhishthir Raj |author2-last=Isar}}</ref>

Governments and international bodies use "cultural diversity" in both a broad and a narrow sense. The broad meaning takes its inspiration from [[anthropology]].<ref name="Stamatopolou772">{{Cite book |last=Stamatopoulou |first=Elsa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDD_ssy97Q4C |title=Cultural Rights in International Law: Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Beyond |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15752-1 |location=Leiden |pages=77–79 |language=en}}</ref> It includes lifestyles, value systems, traditions, and beliefs in addition to creative works. It emphasises an ongoing process of interaction and dialogue between cultures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garner |first=Ben |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/51608.pdf |title=Cultural and Ethical Turns: Interdisciplinary Reflections on Culture, Politics and Ethics |publisher=Inter-Disciplinary Press |year=2011 |editor-last=Garner |editor-first=Ben |location=Oxford |pages=26–27 |chapter=Globalisation, Cultural Diversity and the Search for a New Global Ethics |oclc=1289758860 |access-date=2023-05-22 |editor-last2=Pavlenko |editor-first2=Sonia |editor-last3=Shaheen |editor-first3=Salma |editor-last4=Wolanski |editor-first4=Alison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419143521/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/51608.pdf |archive-date=2023-04-19 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adubra |first=Edem |date=2009 |title=Keynote address |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/18186870903102048 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of African Renaissance Studies – Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=96–101 |doi=10.1080/18186870903102048 |issn=1818-6874 |s2cid=214653220 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422220127/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/18186870903102048 |archive-date=2023-04-22 |access-date=2023-05-22}}</ref> This meaning has been promoted to the international community by UNESCO, since the 2001 [[UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity|Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity]]. In practice, governments use a narrower, more traditional, meaning that focuses on the economic domain mentioned above.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Beukelaer |editor1-first=Christiaan |editor2-last=Pyykkönen |editor2-first=Miikka |editor3-last=Singh |editor3-first=J. P. |title=Globalization, culture and development: the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity |date=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire |isbn=978-1-137-39763-8|page=17|chapter=Confusing Culture, Polysemous Diversity: "Culture" and "Cultural Diversity" in and after the Convention|author1-first=Christiaan |author1-last=De Beukelaer |author2-first= Miikka |author2-last=Pyykkönen}}</ref> 

In the international legal context, cultural diversity has been described as analogous to [[biodiversity]].<ref>[[Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity]], Article 1</ref> The General Conference of [[UNESCO]] took this position in 2001, asserting in Article 1 of the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity that "cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Passer |first=Juliette |date=Autumn 2020 |title=Did You Know That There Is the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity? And Why You Should Care? |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/iihcj13&id=426 |journal=International In-House Counsel Journal |volume=13 |issue=53 |pages=6811–6812 |ssrn=4012212}}</ref> The authors [[John Cavanagh (economist)|John Cavanagh]] and [[Jerry Mander]] took this analogy further, describing cultural diversity as "a sort of cultural [[gene pool]] to spur innovation toward ever higher levels of social, intellectual and spiritual accomplishment."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Cavanagh |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MywOAoRdJP4C&pg=PR9 |title=Alternatives to Economic Globalization: A Better World Is Possible |last2=Mander |first2=Jerry |publisher=Berrett-Koehler Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-60509-409-0 |page=89 |language=}}</ref>