Editing Creole peoples (section)

== Etymology and overview==
The English word creole derives from the French ''créole'', which in turn came from Portuguese ''crioulo'', a diminutive of ''cria'' meaning a person raised in one's house. ''Cria'' is derived from ''criar'', meaning "to raise or bring up", itself derived from the Latin ''creare'', meaning "to make, bring forth, produce, beget"; which is also the source of the English word "create". It originally referred to the descendants of European colonists who had been born in the colony. Creole is also known by cognates in other languages, such as ''crioulo'', ''criollo'', ''creolo'', ''kriolu'', ''criol'', ''kreyol'', ''kreol'', ''kriol'', ''krio'', and ''kriyoyo''.

In [[Louisiana]], the term Creole has been used since 1792 to represent descendants of African or [[mixed-race|mixed heritage]] parents as well as children of French and Spanish descent with no racial mixing.<ref name="Louisiana1" /><ref name="Louisiana2" /><ref name="Louisiana3" /> Its use as in the name for languages started from 1879, while as an adjective for languages, its use began around 1748.<ref name="beget">{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/creole|title=creole {{!}} Origin and meaning of creole by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en|access-date=2019-04-29|archive-date=2019-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501164415/https://www.etymonline.com/word/creole|url-status=live}}</ref> 

In Spanish-speaking countries, the word ''[[Criollo people|Criollo]]'' refers to the descendants of Europeans born in the Americas, but also in some countries, to describe something local or very typical of a particular [[Latin America]]n region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dle.rae.es/criollo|title=Criollo, criolla &#124; Diccionario de la lengua española|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2021-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226205737/https://dle.rae.es/criollo|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[Caribbean]], the term broadly refers to all the people, whatever their class or ancestry — African, East Asian, European, Indian — who are part of the culture of the Caribbean.<ref name="Brit"/> In [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]], the term Creole is used to designate all Trinidadians except those of Asian origin. In [[Suriname]], the term refers only to the descendants of enslaved Africans and in neighboring [[French Guiana]] the term refers to anyone, regardless of skin colour, who has adopted a European lifestyle.<ref name="Eric"/><ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Creole|title=Creole|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2022-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627162453/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Creole|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Cafe Creole.jpg|thumb|[[Trilingual]] signs on Cafe Kreol in [[Cape Verde]].]]

In Africa, the term Creole refers to any ethnic group formed during the [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] [[early modern period|colonial]] era, with some [[mixed-race|mix]] of African and non-African racial or cultural heritage.<ref name="African"/> Creole communities are found on most African islands and along the continent's coastal regions where indigenous Africans first interacted with Europeans. As a result of these contacts, five major Creole types emerged in Africa: [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[African American]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[French people|French]] and [[British people|British]].<ref name="African">{{Cite web|url=https://geography.name/creoles/|title=Creoles of Africa|website=www.geography.name|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2022-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817004937/https://geography.name/creoles/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''Crioulos'' of African or mixed Portuguese and African descent eventually gave rise to several ethnic groups in [[Cape Verde]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[São Tomé e Príncipe]], [[Angola]] and [[Mozambique]].<ref name="Berlin"/> The French-speaking [[Mauritian Creoles|Mauritian]] and [[Seychellois Creole]]s are both either African or ethnically mixed and [[Christianization|Christianized]]. On [[Réunion]], the term Creole applies to all people born on the island,<ref name="chaudenson">{{cite book|author=Robert Chaudenson |title=Creolization of Language and Culture |isbn=978-0-203-44029-2|publisher=CRC press |page=11 |year=2001}}</ref> while in [[South Africa]], the blending of East African and Southeast Asian slaves with [[Dutch people|Dutch]] settlers, later produced a creolized population.<ref name="Markey 1982 169–207">{{Cite journal|last=Markey|first=Thomas L.|date=1982|title=Afrikaans: Creole or Non-Creole?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40501733|journal=Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik|volume=49|issue=2|pages=169–207|jstor=40501733|issn=0044-1449|access-date=2021-08-02|archive-date=2021-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802143521/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40501733|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Fernandino peoples|Fernandino Creole peoples]] of [[Equatorial Guinea]] are a mix of [[Afro-Cubans]] with [[Emancipados]] and English-speaking [[Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone|Liberated Africans]],<ref>''Glimpses of Africa, West and Southwest coast''. By Charles Spencer Smith; A.M.E. Sunday School Union, 1895; p. 164</ref> while the [[Americo-Liberian]]s and [[Sierra Leone Creoles]] resulted from the intermingling of [[Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone|African Recaptives]] with [[Afro-Caribbean]] people and [[African American]]s.<ref>Murray, Robert P., ''Whiteness in Africa: Americo-Liberians and the Transformative Geographies of Race'' 
(2013). Theses and Dissertations--History. 23. 
https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/23 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614121007/https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/23/ |date=2022-06-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Walker |first=James W |year=1992 |chapter=Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone |title=The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870 |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk/page/94 94]–114 |url=https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-8020-7402-7}}, originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).</ref>

Perhaps due to the range of divergent descriptions and lack of a coherent definition, Norwegian anthropologist [[Thomas Hylland Eriksen|T. H. Eriksen]] concludes: {{quote box
|border = 1.8px 
| quote = <span style="font-size:1.3em; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:400;">“A Creole society, in my understanding, is based wholly or partly on the mass displacement of people who were, often involuntarily, uprooted from their original home, shedding the main features of their social and political organisations on the way, brought into sustained contact with people from other linguistic and cultural areas and obliged to develop, in creative and improvisational ways, new social and cultural forms in the new land, drawing simultaneously on traditions from their respective places of origin and on impulses resulting from the encounter.”</span><ref name="Eric">Eriksen, T.H. (2020). ''Creolisation as a Recipe for Conviviality''. In: Hemer, O., Povrzanović Frykman, M., Ristilammi, PM. (eds) Conviviality at the Crossroads. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28979-9_3 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320035530/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-28979-9_3 |date=2023-03-20 }}</ref>
|author =  [[Thomas Hylland Eriksen]]
|source = ''Creolisation as a Recipe for Conviviality'' (2020)
|bgcolor = #EEEEEE
|width  = 50%
|align  = right }}

The following ethnic groups have been historically characterized as "Creole" peoples:

* [[Afro-Brazilian|Afro-Brazilian Crioulos]]
* [[Aku people|Aku Krio people]]
* [[Atlantic Creole]]s
* [[Belizean Kriol people]]
* [[Cape Verdeans]] (Crioulos)
* [[Criollo people]] (European diaspora born in the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonies in the Americas]])
* [[Fernandino peoples|Fernandino Creole peoples]]
* [[Haitian Creole people]] 
** [[Affranchi]]s
* [[Afro-Honduran#Creoles|Afro-Honduran Creoles]]
* [[Americo-Liberians|Liberian Creole people]]
* [[Louisiana Creole people]] 
** [[Creoles of color]]
* [[Mauritian Creole people]]
** also [[Réunion Creole]]
* [[Seychellois Creole people]]
* [[Sierra Leone Creole people]]
* [[Surinamese Creole people]]