Editing Coxsackie A virus (section)

== Viral structure and genome ==
Coxsackie A virus is a subgroup of enterovirus A, which are small, non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. Its protective, icosahedral capsid has an external portion that contains sixty copies of viral proteins (VP1,-2,-3) and an internal portion surrounding the RNA genome containing sixty copies of VP4 viral proteins. This capsid mediates cell entry and elicits the humoral immune responses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ren J, Wang X, Zhu L, Hu Z, Gao Q, Yang P, Li X, Wang J, Shen X, Fry EE, Rao Z, Stuart DI | display-authors = 6 | title = Structures of Coxsackievirus A16 Capsids with Native Antigenicity: Implications for Particle Expansion, Receptor Binding, and Immunogenicity | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 89 | issue = 20 | pages = 10500–11 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26269176 | pmc = 4580203 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.01102-15 }}</ref> Enteroviruses have a depression encircling each fivefold axis (canyon), which is their binding site for immunoglobulin-like receptors. This binding can trigger viral expansion and release of its genome.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao Y, Zhou D, Ni T, Karia D, Kotecha A, Wang X, Rao Z, Jones EY, Fry EE, Ren J, Stuart DI | display-authors = 6 | title = Hand-foot-and-mouth disease virus receptor KREMEN1 binds the canyon of Coxsackie Virus A10 | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 38 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31911601 | pmc = 6946704 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-019-13936-2 | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11...38Z }}</ref>

A complete genome analysis of Coxsackie virus A2, A4, A5, and A10 strains isolated from individuals with hand-foot-mouth disease showed that natural recombination is frequent in the virus's evolution. Its strains in China were related to strains in Mongolia, Taiwan, likely to those that circulated in Europe, and form a distinct lineage from strains imported from Japan and South Korea.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hu YF, Yang F, Du J, Dong J, Zhang T, Wu ZQ, Xue Y, Jin Q | display-authors = 6 | title = Complete genome analysis of coxsackievirus A2, A4, A5, and A10 strains isolated from hand, foot, and mouth disease patients in China revealing frequent recombination of human enterovirus A | journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology | volume = 49 | issue = 7 | pages = 2426–34 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21543560 | pmc = 3147834 | doi = 10.1128/JCM.00007-11 }}</ref>