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==History== {{See also|History of Kansas}} For millennia, the land now known as Kansas was inhabited by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. The first European visitor to Kansas was the Spanish explorer [[Francisco Vasquez de Coronado]] in 1541. In 1601, the Governor of New Mexico, [[Juan de OΓ±ate]], visited [[Etzanoa]], a settlement of several thousand [[Wichita people]] near Arkansas City along the [[Walnut River]]. The ruins of Etzanoa have been found by archaeologists. ===19th century=== In 1803, most of [[History of Kansas|modern Kansas]] was secured by the [[United States]] as part of the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. In 1854, the [[Kansas Territory]] was organized, then in 1861 [[Kansas]] became the 34th [[U.S. state]]. Cowley County was officially organized as a county, but reserved for the Osage Indians, by the Kansas Legislature in March 1867, originally named Hunter County for Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter (1809β1887), a Virginia Representative and Senator to Congress and Speaker of the House in the twenty-sixth Congress. In 1870, the county was renamed for Matthew Cowley, First Lieutenant in Company I, [[9th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry|9th Kansas Cavalry]], who died at [[Little Rock, Arkansas]], on October 7, 1864. Officially opened for settlement July 15, 1870, there was a lengthy and bitter disagreement between the towns of [[Winfield, Kansas|Winfield]] and Cresswell (the town now named [[Arkansas City, Kansas|Arkansas City]]) over the possession of the county seat of government. Finally settled after two special elections and numerous petitions to the Governor and Legislature, Winfield was determined to be the county seat and a courthouse was constructed in 1873 at a cost of $11,500.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.kancoll.org/cutler/| title=William G. Cutler's, History of the State of Kansas| publisher=A. T. Andreas Press, 1883}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===21st century=== In 2010, the [[Keystone Pipeline|Keystone-Cushing Pipeline]] (Phase II) was constructed north to south through Cowley County. Controversy arose from the Kansas legislature's decision to grant the pipeline a ten-year exemption from property taxes; it was estimated that this would mean $15 million per year in lost revenue to the six counties through which the pipeline passed. The counties were unsuccessful in an attempt to eliminate the exemption.<ref>Davis, Dakotah. [http://www.newscow.net/story.php?StoryID=4015 "Commissioners green light pipeline, sort of".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603172344/http://www.newscow.net/story.php?StoryID=4015 |date=June 3, 2016 }} [http://www.newscow.net/index.php NewsCow.net.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503100142/http://www.newscow.net/index.php |date=May 3, 2016 }} May 19, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2016.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091216142249/http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=20385680&BRD=1160&PAG=461&dept_id=190958&rfi=6 "Counties to seek denial of pipeline tax exemption".] ''Clay Center Dispatch''. November 5, 2009. Archived December 16, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://cjonline.com/news/2012-05-18/court-upholds-pipeline-tax-exemption# "Court upholds pipeline tax exemption".] [http://cjonline.com/ ''Topeka Capital-Journal''.] May 18, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2016.</ref><ref>Milburn, John. [http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article318290/Kansas-appeals-court-upholds-Keystone-pipeline-tax-ruling.html "Kansas appeals court upholds Keystone pipeline tax ruling".] [http://www.kansascity.com/ ''Kansas City Star''.] April 26, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2016.</ref>
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