Editing Coriolis force (section)

==History==
[[File:Dechales-Coriolis-Cannon.jpg|thumb|upright|Image from ''Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus'' (1674) of C.F.M. Dechales, showing how a cannonball should deflect to the right of its target on a rotating Earth, because the rightward motion of the ball is faster than that of the tower.]]

[[File:Dechales-Coriolis-Tower.jpg|thumb|upright|Image from ''Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus'' (1674) of C.F.M. Dechales, showing how a ball should fall from a tower on a rotating Earth. The ball is released from ''F''. The top of the tower moves faster than its base, so while the ball falls, the base of the tower moves to ''I'', but the ball, which has the eastward speed of the tower's top, outruns the tower's base and lands further to the east at ''L''.]]

Italian scientist [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli]] and his assistant [[Francesco Maria Grimaldi]] described the effect in connection with artillery in the 1651 ''Almagestum Novum'', writing that rotation of the Earth should cause a cannonball fired to the north to deflect to the east.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1063/PT.3.1195 |title=Coriolis effect, two centuries before Coriolis |year=2011 |last1=Graney |first1=Christopher M. |journal=Physics Today |volume=64 |issue=8 |page=8 |bibcode=2011PhT....64h...8G|s2cid=121193379 }}</ref> In 1674, [[Claude François Milliet Dechales]] described in his ''Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus'' how the rotation of the Earth should cause a deflection in the trajectories of both falling bodies and projectiles aimed toward one of the planet's poles. Riccioli, Grimaldi, and Dechales all described the effect as part of an argument against the heliocentric system of Copernicus. In other words, they argued that the Earth's rotation should create the effect, and so failure to detect the effect was evidence for an immobile Earth.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Graney |first=Christopher |date=24 November 2016 |title=The Coriolis Effect Further Described in the Seventeenth Century |arxiv=1611.07912 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.3610 |volume=70 |issue=7 |journal=Physics Today |pages=12–13 |bibcode=2017PhT....70g..12G}}</ref> The Coriolis acceleration equation was derived by [[Leonhard Euler|Euler]] in 1749,<ref>Truesdell, Clifford. Essays in the History of Mechanics. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012., p. 225</ref><ref>Persson, A. "The Coriolis Effect: Four centuries of conflict between common sense and mathematics, Part I: A history to 1885." History of Meteorology 2 (2005): 1–24.</ref> and the effect was described in the [[Theory of tides|tidal equations]] of [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] in 1778.<ref name=Cartwright2000>{{cite book |last=Cartwright |first=David Edgar |title=Tides: A Scientific History |year=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78bE5U7TVuIC&pg=PA74 |isbn=9780521797467}}</ref>

[[Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis]] published a paper in 1835 on the energy yield of machines with rotating parts, such as [[waterwheel]]s.<ref name=corps>{{cite journal|author=G-G Coriolis|title=Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps|journal=Journal de l'École Royale Polytechnique|volume=15|pages=142–154|year=1835|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015005667509&view=1up&seq=152|language=French}}</ref><ref name="Persson1998">{{Cite journal|last=Persson|first=Anders|date=1998-07-01|title=How Do We Understand the Coriolis Force?|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=79|issue=7|pages=1373–1386|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<1373:HDWUTC>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1998BAMS...79.1373P|s2cid=45799020 |issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free}}</ref> That paper considered the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference. Coriolis divided these supplementary forces into two categories. The second category contained a force that arises from the [[cross product]] of the [[angular velocity]] of a [[coordinate system]] and the projection of a particle's [[velocity]] into a plane [[perpendicular]] to the system's [[axis of rotation]]. Coriolis referred to this force as the "compound centrifugal force" due to its analogies with the [[centrifugal force]] already considered in category one.<ref>Dugas, René and J. R. Maddox (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vPT-JubW-7QC&pg=PA374 A History of Mechanics]''. Courier Dover Publications: p. 374. {{ISBN|0-486-65632-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Treatise on Infinitesimal Calculus : Vol. IV. The dynamics of material systems|author=Price, Bartholomew |publisher=Oxford : University Press|pages=418–420|year=1862|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrMA0R_0TPEC&pg=PA420}}</ref> The effect was known in the early 20th century as the "[[acceleration]] of Coriolis",<ref>{{cite book|title=The Dynamics of Particles and of Rigid, Elastic, and Fluid Bodies|author=Webster, Arthur Gordon |publisher=B. G. Teubner|year=1912|page=[https://archive.org/details/dynamicsparticl04websgoog/page/n336 320]|url=https://archive.org/details/dynamicsparticl04websgoog|isbn=978-1-113-14861-2}}</ref> and by 1920 as "Coriolis force".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Space, ''Time'', and Gravitation|journal=The Scientific Monthly|volume=10|author=Wilson, Edwin B.|editor= Cattell, James McKeen |year=1920|page=226|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA226}}</ref>

In 1856, [[William Ferrel]] proposed the existence of a [[Ferrel cell|circulation cell]] in the mid-latitudes with air being deflected by the Coriolis force to create the [[westerlies|prevailing westerly winds]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ferrel, William |url=http://www.aos.princeton.edu/WWWPUBLIC/gkv/history/ferrel-nashville56.pdf|title=An Essay on the Winds and the Currents of the Ocean|journal=Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery|volume=xi|issue=4|date=November 1856|pages=7–19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011124201/http://www.aos.princeton.edu/WWWPUBLIC/gkv/history/ferrel-nashville56.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2013}} Retrieved on 1 January 2009.</ref>

The understanding of the kinematics of how exactly the rotation of the Earth affects airflow was partial at first.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Persson, Anders O. |url=https://journal.meteohistory.org/index.php/hom/article/view/30/30 |title=The Coriolis Effect:Four centuries of conflict between common sense and mathematics, Part I: A history to 1885 |journal=History of Meteorology |volume=2 |issue= |year=2005 |publisher=Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute |access-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status= |oclc=1075409636}}</ref> Late in the 19th century, the full extent of the large scale interaction of [[pressure-gradient force]] and deflecting force that in the end causes air masses to move along [[isobar (meteorology)|isobars]] was understood.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gerkema|first1=Theo|last2=Gostiaux|first2=Louis|date=2012|title=A brief history of the Coriolis force|journal=Europhysics News|volume=43|issue=2|pages=16|doi=10.1051/epn/2012202|bibcode=2012ENews..43b..14G|doi-access=free}}</ref>