Editing Contact juggling (section)

==History==
Many of the techniques found in contact manipulation, such as balancing or rolling a single ball or palm spinning (see "[[Baoding Balls]]"), have been performed for centuries. More variations were introduced by vaudevillians such as [[Paul Cinquevalli]]. In 1986, American juggler Tony Duncan was reported to be holding audiences spellbound with an act that involved rolling a single ball all over his body.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nielsen|first1=Per|title=From Scandinavia|journal=Juggler's World|issue=Fall 1986|url=http://www.juggle.org/history/archives/jugmags/38-3/38-3,p28.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306032250/http://www.juggle.org/history/archives/jugmags/38-3/38-3%2Cp28.htm|archive-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>

[[Michael Moschen]] brought the form to a new level with  his performance, "Light", developed in the 1980s. In this performance he used 75mm clear crystal balls, palm spinning up to eight balls simultaneously. He finished the act by rolling a single clear ball so that it appeared to float over his hands and arms. Moschen received praise from the international circus community for his range of innovative techniques, and he was made a [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellow]] (received a "Genius Award") in 1990. In the 1986 film ''[[Labyrinth (1986 film)|Labyrinth]]'', [[David Bowie]]'s character performs contact manipulation throughout the film. These manipulations were performed by Moschen, who stood behind Bowie during filming, reaching around and performing the tricks "blind".<ref>[http://www.ministryofmanipulation.com/articles/michael-moschen/ Michael Moschen at the Ministry of Manipulation]</ref> In the film's credits, Moschen is credited for "crystal ball manipulation."

In the summer of 1990,  John P. Miller (now better known by his pen-name, [[James Ernest]]), wrote and published the first edition of the book ''Contact Juggling'', which covers all of the basic contact manipulation techniques and methods for learning them. The first edition had a run of only 100 copies, photocopied and stapled. The second edition was published in 1991, in a [[comb binding|comb-bound]] format, by Ernest Graphics Press, with the author listed as James Ernest.<ref>''Contact Juggling'', second edition {{ISBN|0-9634054-0-3}}  1991</ref> Ernest is credited with coining the term "contact juggling".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ministryofmanipulation.com/articles/contact-juggling-james-ernest/ |title=Contact Juggling & James Ernest – The Ministry of Manipulation |date=29 June 2007 |access-date=February 8, 2011}}</ref>

In 1991, the video "Michael Moschen: In Motion" (created as the television special "In Motion with Michael Moschen" for PBS's "Great Performances" series) was released. Since then, this form of manipulation has received further popularization through instructional materials and performances developed by artist other than Moschen.  Throughout the 1990s, there was continuing contention within the juggling community regarding whether Moschen's ideas were being stolen by performers and juggling instructors (see "Controversy", below). Many resources have since become available for contact jugglers, such as clubs, books, festivals, videos/DVDs, and balls specifically manufactured for contact manipulation.

In 2010, Zoom TV, a direct-marketing company, began mass-marketing "the Fushigi Magic Gravity Ball", an acrylic contact manipulation ball with a steel core (used to prevent the focusing of sunlight through a clear acrylic sphere, a fire hazard). Zoom TV claimed that the ball possesses special properties that make it "appear to float" and improve balance and control<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100622042407/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2010/06/prweb4155454.htm Zoom TV/Ideavillage press release June 18, 2010]</ref> (see "Controversy", below), and saw significant commercial success.

In 2010, an updated and revised third edition of  the book ''Contact Juggling''<ref>''Contact Juggling'', third edition {{ISBN|978-1-59100-027-3}}  2010</ref> was released by Ernest Graphics Press.

Michael Moschen, in interviews, has contested that so-called ''Contact Juggling'' does not exist, and that the term ''Contact Juggling'' is both self contradictory and erroneous, and created purely for commercial reasons.