Jump to content
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar
hide
Navigation
Main page
Recent changes
Random page
Help about MediaWiki
Special pages
Niidae Wiki
Search
Search
Appearance
Create account
Log in
Personal tools
Create account
Log in
Pages for logged out editors
learn more
Contributions
Talk
Editing
Congenital rubella syndrome
(section)
Page
Discussion
English
Read
Edit
View history
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar
hide
Actions
Read
Edit
View history
General
What links here
Related changes
Page information
Appearance
move to sidebar
hide
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
==Signs and symptoms== [[File:Infant with skin lesions from congenital rubella.jpg|thumb|Infant with skin lesions from congenital rubella]] [[Image:Congenital Rubella Syndrome, Salt and Pepper Retinopathy.jpg|right|thumb|"Salt-and-pepper" retinopathy is characteristic of congenital rubella.<ref name=Sudharshan>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sudharshan S, Ganesh SK, Biswas J |title=Current approach in the diagnosis and management of posterior uveitis|journal=Indian J Ophthalmol|date=2010|volume=58|issue=1|pages=29–43|pmid=20029144|issn=0301-4738|doi=10.4103/0301-4738.58470|pmc=2841371 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khurana |first1=Rahul N. |last2=Sadda |first2=Srinivas R. |title=Salt-and-Pepper Retinopathy of Rubella |journal=[[N Engl J Med]] |date=3 Aug 2006 |volume=355 |issue=5 |page=499 |doi=10.1056/NEJMicm040780 |pmid=16885553 |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMicm040780}}</ref>]] The classic triad for congenital rubella syndrome is:<ref>{{Cite web|title = Congenital rubella syndrome {{!}} Sense|url = http://www.sense.org.uk/content/congenital-rubella-syndrome|website = www.sense.org.uk|access-date = 2015-07-30}}</ref> * [[Sensorineural hearing loss|Sensorineural deafness]]<ref name=":52">{{Cite book |last1=Zimmerman |first1=LA |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |last2=Reef |first2=SE |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |year=2022 |editor-last=Loscalzo |editor-first=Joseph |edition=21st |publication-date=2022 |chapter=Rubella (German Measles) |editor-last2=Fauci |editor-first2=A |editor-last3=Kasper |editor-first3=D |editor-last4=Hauser |editor-first4=S |editor-last5=Longo |editor-first5=D |editor-last6=Jameson |editor-first6=J}}</ref> (58% of patients)<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |year=2024 |title=Pregnancy and Rubella |url=https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/pregnancy.html |access-date=January 28, 2024 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |publication-place=Atlanta, Georgia}}</ref> * Eye abnormalities—especially [[retinopathy]],<ref name=":52" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last1=Winter |first1=Amy K. |last2=Moss |first2=William J. |date=2022-04-02 |title=Rubella |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35367004 |journal=Lancet |volume=399 |issue=10332 |pages=1336–1346 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02691-X |issn=1474-547X |pmid=35367004|s2cid=247846943 }}</ref> [[cataract]],<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":32" /> [[glaucoma]],<ref name=":32" /> and [[microphthalmia]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duszak |first=Robert S. |date=January 2009 |title=Congenital rubella syndrome--major review |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19111256 |journal=Optometry (St. Louis, Mo.) |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=36–43 |doi=10.1016/j.optm.2008.03.006 |issn=1558-1527 |pmid=19111256}}</ref> (43% of patients)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar Panda |first=Prateek |date=2019 |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis in a child with congenital rubella syndrome: A case report and review of literature |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31405663 |journal=Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=2473–2475 |doi=10.1016/j.dsx.2019.06.026 |issn=1878-0334 |pmid=31405663|s2cid=198296894 }}</ref> * [[Congenital heart disease]]<ref name=":22">{{Citation |last1=Shukla |first1=Samarth |title=Congenital Rubella |date=2024 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507879/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939656 |last2=Maraqa |first2=Nizar F.}}</ref>—especially [[Stenosis of pulmonary artery|pulmonary artery stenosis]] and [[patent ductus arteriosus]] (50% of patients)<ref>{{Cite journal|title = An update on cardiovascular malformations in congenital rubella syndrome.|date = January 2010|pmid = 19697432|journal = Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology|doi=10.1002/bdra.20621|volume=88|issue=1|vauthors=Oster ME, Riehle-Colarusso T, Correa A |pages=1–8|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1229131}}</ref> Other manifestations of CRS may include: * [[Spleen]],<ref name=":52" /><ref name=":32" /> [[liver]], or [[bone marrow]] problems (some of which may disappear shortly after birth) * [[Intellectual disability]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Pratyush Kumar |last2=Kielian |first2=Margaret |date=2021-04-26 |title=Molecular and Structural Insights into the Life Cycle of Rubella Virus |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=95 |issue=10 |pages=e02349–20, JVI.02349–20 |doi=10.1128/JVI.02349-20 |issn=1098-5514 |pmc=8139664 |pmid=33627388}}</ref> * Small head size ([[microcephaly]])<ref name=":32" /> * Low birth weight<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/c/congenital-rubella/symptoms-and-causes|title=Congenital Rubella Symptoms & Causes {{!}} Boston Children's Hospital|website=www.childrenshospital.org|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> * [[Thrombocytopenic purpura]],<ref name=":52" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Mawson |first1=Anthony R. |last2=Croft |first2=Ashley M. |date=2019-09-22 |title=Rubella Virus Infection, the Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and the Link to Autism |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=16 |issue=19 |pages=3543 |doi=10.3390/ijerph16193543 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=6801530 |pmid=31546693}}</ref> leading to easy or excessive bleeding or bruising * Extramedullary hematopoiesis (presents as a characteristic [[Blueberry muffin baby|blueberry muffin rash]])<ref name=Jong2022/> * Enlarged liver ([[hepatomegaly]])<ref name=":5" /> * Small jaw size ([[Micrognathism|micrognathia]])<ref name=":1" /> * Radiolucent bone disease<ref name=":32" /> * Skin lesions <ref name=":0" /> Children who have been exposed to rubella in the womb should also be watched closely as they age for any indication of: * [[Developmental disability|Developmental delay]]<ref name=":0" /> * [[Autism spectrum|Autism]]<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="pmid15121991">{{cite journal|last=Muhle|first=R |author2=Trentacoste, SV |author3=Rapin, I |author3-link=Isabelle Rapin|title=The genetics of autism.|journal=Pediatrics|date=May 2004|volume=113|issue=5|pages=e472–86|pmid=15121991|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/5/e472.full|doi=10.1542/peds.113.5.e472|s2cid=6077170 |doi-access=}}</ref> * [[Schizophrenia]]<ref name="pmid16469941">{{cite journal|last=Brown|first=A. S|title=Prenatal Infection as a Risk Factor for Schizophrenia|journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin|date=9 February 2006|volume=32|issue=2|pages=200–202|doi=10.1093/schbul/sbj052|pmid=16469941|pmc=2632220}}</ref> * [[Growth retardation]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Pathogenesis of congenital rubella|journal = JAMA|date = 1965-12-20|issn = 0098-7484|pages = 1277–1283|volume = 194|issue = 12|doi = 10.1001/jama.1965.03090250011002|last1 = Naeye|first1 = Richard L.|pmid = 5898080}}</ref> * [[Learning disability|Learning disabilities]]<ref name=":1" /> * [[Thyroid disorders]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Terracciano |first1=E |last2=Amadori |first2=F |last3=Pettinicchio |first3=V |last4=Zaratti |first4=L |last5=Franco |first5=E |date=2020-04-02 |title=Strategies for elimination of rubella in pregnancy and of congenital rubella syndrome in high and upper-middle income countries |journal=J Prev Med Hyg |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=E98–E108 |doi= |issn= |pmc=7225652 |pmid=32490275 |doi-access=}}</ref> * [[Diabetes mellitus]]<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)90057-2|pmid = 4105044|title = High Frequency of Diabetes Mellitus in Young Adults with Congenital Rubella|journal = The Lancet|volume = 298|issue = 7720|pages = 332–334|date = 1971-08-14|last1 = Forrest|first1 = Jill M.|last2 = Menser|first2 = Margaret A.|last3 = Burgess|first3 = J. A.}}</ref>
Summary:
Please note that all contributions to Niidae Wiki may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here.
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see
Encyclopedia:Copyrights
for details).
Do not submit copyrighted work without permission!
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Search
Search
Editing
Congenital rubella syndrome
(section)
Add topic