Editing Concubinage (section)

==Etymology and usage==
{{main|Concubinatus|Concubinage (legal term)}}
The English terms "concubine" and "concubinage" appeared in the 14th century,<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition: concubine (n.)|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/concubine|publisher=Merriams-Webster|access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Definition: concubinage (n.)|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/concubinage|publisher=Merriams-Webster|access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref> deriving from [[Latin]] terms in [[Roman society]] and [[Roman law|law]]. The term concubine ({{Circa|1300}}), meaning "a paramour, a woman who cohabits with a man without being married to him", comes from the Latin {{lang|la|concubina}} ([[feminine (grammar)|f.]]) and {{lang|la|concubinus}} ([[feminine (grammar)|m.]]), terms that in Roman law meant "one who lives unmarried with a married man or woman". The Latin terms are derived from the verb from {{lang|la|concumbere}} "to lie with, to lie together, to cohabit," an assimilation of "''com''", a prefix meaning "with, together" and "{{lang|la|cubare}}", meaning "to lie down".<ref name=Century>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/concubine|title=Etymology: concubine (n.), concubinage (n.)|publisher=[[Century Dictionary]]|access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref> Concubine is a term used widely in historical and academic literature, and which varies considerably depending on the context.<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of 'concubine'|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/concubine|publisher=Collins Dictionary|access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref> In the twenty-first century, it typically refers explicitly to extramarital affection, "either to a [[Mistress (lover)|mistress]] or to a [[Sexual slavery|sex slave]]", without the same emphasis on the cohabiting aspect of the original meaning.{{sfn|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History|2008|p=467-468|ps=: "In twenty-first-century parlance, 'concubine' refers either to a mistress or to a sex slave."}}

Concubinage emerged as an English term in the late 14th century to mean the "state of being a concubine; act or practice of cohabiting in intimacy without legal marriage", and was derived from Latin by means of Old French,<ref name=Century/> where the term may in turn have been derived from the Latin {{lang|la|[[concubinatus]]}},{{sfn|Stocquart|1907|p=304}} an institution in ancient Rome that meant "a permanent cohabitation between persons to whose marriage there were no legal obstacles".<ref name=Century/> It has also been described more plainly as a long-term sexual relationship between a man and a woman who are not legally married.{{sfn|The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology|1999}}{{sfn|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History|2008|p=467}} In pre-modern to modern law, concubinage has been used in certain jurisdictions to describe cohabitation, and in France, was formalized in 1999 as the French equivalent of a [[civil union]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borrillo |first1=Daniel |title=Who is Breaking with Tradition? The Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnership in France and the Question of Modernity |journal=[[Yale Journal of Law and Feminism]] |url=https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/6926/08_17YaleJL_Feminism89_2005_.pdf |date=2005 |volume=17 |page=91}}</ref><ref name=Ettedgui>{{cite web|url= https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2018/09/concubinage-and-the-law-in-france/|title= Concubinage and the Law in France|first= Sarah |last= Ettedgui |date= 20 September 2018|access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref>{{refn|Article [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000006428571/2020-09-19 515-8] of the [[Napoleonic Code|Civil Code]] defines "concubinage" as "a ''de facto'' union, characterized by a shared life and a character of stability and continuity, between two persons of different or same sex, who live as a couple" ("''une union de fait, caractérisée par une vie commune présentant un caractère de stabilité et de continuité, entre deux personnes, de sexe différent ou de même sexe, qui vivent en couple''"). See also ''[[:fr:Concubinage en France|Concubinage en France]]'' (in French).}} The US legal system also used to use the term in reference to cohabitation,<ref>See, for instance, [https://cite.case.law/la/114/456/ Succession of Jahraus, 114 La. 456, 38 So. 417 (1905)] and [https://cite.case.law/so/174/94/10027624/ Succession of Lannes, 174 So. 94, 187 La. 17 (1936)]</ref> but the term never evolved further and is now considered outdated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wagnon |first1=Brittanie |title=From Wedding Bells to Working Women:Unmasking the Sexism Resulting from "Illicit Concubinage" in Louisiana's Jurisprudence |journal=Louisiana Law Review |date=Summer 2016 |volume=76 |issue=4 |page=1414}}</ref>