Editing Concertina (section)

== Systems ==
Concertinas are members of a family of hand-held [[bellows]]-driven free reed instruments constructed according to various ''systems'' which differ in terms of keyboard layout and whether individual buttons (keys) produce the same ([[wikt:unisonoric|unisonoric]]) or different ([[wikt:bisonoric|bisonoric]]) notes with changes in the direction of air pressure.

Because the concertina was developed nearly contemporaneously in England and Germany, systems can be broadly divided into English, Anglo-German, and German types. To a player proficient in one of these systems, a concertina of a different system will be quite unfamiliar.

[[File:Wheatstone English Concertina Dismantled.jpg|thumb|English concertina disassembled, showing bellows, reedpan and buttons]]
[[File:Duet concertina デュエット・コンサーティーナ.jpg|left|thumb|Hayden Duet Concertina]]
[[File:Chemnitzer Concertina Star Old Timer.jpg|left|thumb|Chemnitzer concertina made by Star Mfg., Cicero, Illinois, USA in 2000]]
[[File:Anglo-concertina-40button.jpg|thumb|Bastari 40-button Anglo concertina]]

=== English and Duet concertinas ===
{{main article|English concertina|Duet concertina}}
The ''English concertina'' and the ''Duet concertina'' bear similarities in history and construction. Both systems generally play a [[chromatic scale]] and are unisonoric, with each key producing the same note whether the bellows are being pushed or pulled. Both of these English instruments are smaller than German concertinas, and are usually hexagonal in shape, though occasionally featuring 8, 10, or 12 sides. The English system alternates the notes of the scale between two hands, enabling rapid melodies. The duet system features the lower notes on the left, and higher notes on the right, facilitating the playing of interlaced harmonies and melodies.

The English concertina is credited to [[Sir Charles Wheatstone]], who first patented such a design in 1829 in [[Great Britain]]. Wheatstone was also the first to patent a duet concertina, in 1844.<ref name="Meyerbeer2002">{{cite book|author=Giacomo Meyerbeer|title=The Diaries of Giacomo Meyerbeer: The years of celebrity, 1850-1856|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NyPsNbLpntEC&pg=PA138|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-3844-6|pages=138–}}</ref>

=== German concertinas ===
German concertinas, developed in Germany for its local market and diaspora, are usually larger than English concertinas, and are generally bisonoric, using a different style of "long plate" reeds, and are often square, as opposed to hexagonal.<ref name="Simonett2012">{{cite book|author=Helena Simonett|title=The Accordion in the Americas: Klezmer, Polka, Tango, Zydeco, and More!|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rjn2wL0NzMC&pg=PA316|year=2012|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-03720-7|pages=247, 316}}</ref> German concertinas also sometimes have more than one reed per note, which produces a [[vibrato]] effect if their tuning differs slightly .

==== Chemnitzer concertina ====
{{main article|Chemnitzer concertina}}
[[File:Concertina (1.1), Acervo do Museu do Colono (Santa Leopoldina).jpg|thumb]]
Various German concertina systems share common construction features and core keyboard layout. In the United States, particularly in the [[Midwest]] where there are many German and Central European descendants, the term ''concertina'' often refers to the [[Chemnitzer concertina]], which is bisonoric and closely related to the [[bandoneon]], but features a different keyboard layout and decorative style, including a few mechanical innovations pioneered by German-American instrument builder and inventor [[Otto Schlicht]].<ref name="Worrall2009-vol2">{{cite book|author=Dan Michael Worrall|title=The Anglo-German Concertina: A Social History|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKZO1aevsiIC|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Dan Michael Worrall|isbn=978-0-9825996-1-7}}</ref>{{rp|204}} A related variant is the [[Carlsfelder concertina]] from [[C. F. Zimmerman]], created in 1849<ref name="Worrall2009-vol2"/>{{rp|1}} and shown at the [[The Great Exhibition|1851 London Industrial Exposition]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Tango: Geschichte und Geschichten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfvfAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Deutscher Taschenbuch|isbn=978-3-423-24182-3|page=74}}</ref> The Chemnitzer concertina is popular among [[polka]] musicians in the American Midwest, most famously played by [[Walter Jagiello|Li'l Wally]].

==== Bandoneon ====
{{main article|Bandoneón}}
The [[bandoneon]] (also rendered bandoneón, bandonion) is a German concertina system with an original bisonoric layout devised by [[Heinrich Band]]. Although intended as a substitute for the organ in small churches and chapels, it was soon secularized and is now associated with [[tango music]] due to the instrument's popularity in [[Argentina]] since the late 19th century when tango developed from various dance styles in Argentina and Uruguay.<ref name="Groppa2003">{{cite book|author=Carlos G. Groppa|title=The Tango in the United States: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyG_fFUKKLgC&pg=PA69|date=30 December 2003|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-2686-7|pages=69–}}</ref> Though the typical bandoneon is bisonoric, the 1920s saw the development of unisonoric variants such as the Ernst Kusserow and Charles Peguri systems, both introduced around 1925.<ref name="Drago2008">{{cite book|author=Alejandro Marcelo Drago|title=Instrumental Tango Idioms in the Symphonic Works and Orchestral Arrangements of Astor Piazzolla. Performance and Notational Problems: A Conductor's Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szmYo-voZJEC&pg=PA16|year=2008|isbn=978-0-549-78323-7}}</ref>{{rp|18}}<ref name="Bugallo1993">{{cite book|author=Rubén Pérez Bugallo|title=Catálogo ilustrado de instrumentos musicales argentinos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ik3Z5r8r_RUC&pg=PA77|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Ediciones Del Sol|isbn=978-950-9413-49-8|pages=77–}}</ref> Bandoneons typically have more than one reed per button, dry-tuned with the reeds an octave apart. "Dry" means that vibrato is absent because the tuning is accurate.<ref name="Drago2008"/>{{rp|18}} The instrument is considered an essential part of the Argentine [[Orquesta típica#Argentina and Uruguay|tango orchestra]].

=== Anglo concertina ===
{{main article|Anglo concertina}}
[[File:Duet concertina English concertina Anglo concertina.jpg|thumb|Duet concertina, English concertina, Anglo concertina]]
The ''Anglo'' or ''Anglo-German'' concertina is, historically, a hybrid between the English and German concertinas. The button layouts are generally the same as the original 20-button German concertinas designed by Uhlig in 1834, and in a bisonoric system. Within a few years of its invention, the ''German concertina'' was a popular import in England, Ireland, and North America, due to its ease of use and relatively low price. English manufacturers responded to this popularity by offering their own versions using traditional English methods: concertina reeds instead of long-plate reeds, independent pivots for each button, and hexagon-shaped ends, resulting in the modern Anglo concertina.

=== Franglo ===
The "Franglo" system concertina was developed by the luthiers [[C & R Dipper]], in cooperation with [[Emmanuel Pariselle]], known for his expertise as a professional player of the two-and-a-half row [[diatonic melodeon]]. The system has the construction and reed-work of a concertina with the buttons at the sides, but the layout of the buttons is that of a melodeon. The name ''Franglo'' blends the words French and Anglo.