Editing Composite material (section)

==History==
The earliest composite materials were made from [[straw]] and [[mud]] combined to form [[brick]]s for [[building]] [[construction]]. Ancient [[brick#Mud bricks|brick-making]] was documented by [[Art of Ancient Egypt#Painting|Egyptian tomb paintings]].<ref name=Haka>{{cite book |first=Andreas |last=Haka  |title=Engineered Stability.The History of Composite Materials |location=Cham |publisher=Springer 2023 Chap. 1 on "Early composites".}}</ref>

[[Wattle and daub]] might be the oldest composite materials, at over 6000 years old.<ref name=Shaffer>{{cite journal |last=Shaffer |first=Gary D. |title=An Archaeomagnetic Study of a Wattle and Daub Building Collapse |journal=Journal of Field Archaeology |volume=20 |number=1 |date=Spring 1993 |pages=59–75 |doi=10.2307/530354 |jstor=530354}}</ref>

* Woody [[plant]]s, both true [[wood]] from [[trees]] and such plants as [[palm (plant)|palms]] and [[bamboo]], yield natural composites that were used prehistorically by humankind and are still used widely in construction and scaffolding.
* [[Plywood]], 3400 BC,<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.mar-bal.com/applications/history-of-composites/ |title=History of Composite Materials |publisher=Mar-Bal Incorporated |access-date=2018-01-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104193808/http://www.mar-bal.com/language/en/applications/history-of-composites/ |archive-date=2018-01-04 |date=2013-08-19}}</ref> by the Ancient Mesopotamians; gluing wood at different angles gives better properties than natural wood.
* [[Cartonnage]], layers of [[linen]] or [[papyrus]] soaked in plaster dates to the [[First Intermediate Period of Egypt]] c. 2181–2055 BC<ref name="auto"/> and was used for [[death mask]]s.
* [[Cob (material)|Cob]] mud bricks, or mud walls, (using mud (clay) with straw or gravel as a binder) have been used for thousands of years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://expandusceramics.com/qa/is-cob-a-composite.html |title=Is Cob A Composite? |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=expandusceramics.com |date=27 August 2019 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523201857/https://expandusceramics.com/qa/is-cob-a-composite.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Concrete]] was described by [[Vitruvius]], writing around 25 BC in his [[De architectura|''Ten Books on Architecture'']], distinguished types of aggregate appropriate for the preparation of [[lime mortar]]s. For ''structural mortars'', he recommended ''[[pozzolana]]'', which were volcanic sands from the sandlike beds of [[Pozzuoli]] brownish-yellow-gray in colour near [[Naples]] and reddish-brown at [[Rome]]. Vitruvius specifies a ratio of 1 part lime to 3 parts pozzolana for cements used in buildings and a 1:2 ratio of lime to pulvis Puteolanus for underwater work, essentially the same ratio mixed today for concrete used at sea.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lechtmann |first1=Heather |last2=Hobbs |first2=Linn |chapter=Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution |pages=81–128 |editor1-last=Kingery |editor1-first=W. D. |editor2-last=Lense |editor2-first=Esther |title=High-technology Ceramics: Past, Present, and Future : The Nature of Innovation and Change in Ceramic Technology |date=1986 |publisher=American Caeramic Society |isbn=978-0-608-00723-6 }}</ref> [[cement|Natural cement-stones]], after burning, produced cements used in concretes from post-Roman times into the 20th century, with some properties superior to manufactured [[Portland cement]].
* [[Papier-mâché]], a composite of paper and glue, has been used for hundreds of years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Papier Mache - Articles - Papier Mache And Paper Clay |url=http://www.papiermache.co.uk/articles/papier-mache-and-paper-clay/ |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=www.papiermache.co.uk |archive-date=2011-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429211934/http://www.papiermache.co.uk/articles/papier-mache-and-paper-clay/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The first artificial [[fibre reinforced plastic]] was a combination of fiber glass and [[bakelite]], performed in 1935 by Al Simison and Arthur D Little in Owens Corning Company<ref>Owens corning milestones 2017{{vs|date=January 2025}}</ref>
* One of the most common and familiar composite is [[fibreglass]], in which small glass fibre are embedded within a polymeric material (normally an epoxy or polyester). The glass fibre is relatively strong and stiff (but also brittle), whereas the polymer is ductile (but also weak and flexible). Thus the resulting fibreglass is relatively stiff, strong, flexible, and ductile.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Fibreglass or Fiberglass? |url=https://www.fibreglassdirect.co.uk/blog/post/what-is-fibreglass-or-fiberglass |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=www.fibreglassdirect.co.uk |language=en |archive-date=2020-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930060753/https://www.fibreglassdirect.co.uk/blog/post/what-is-fibreglass-or-fiberglass |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Composite bow]]
* [[Leather cannon]], [[wooden cannon]]