Editing Communitarianism (section)

== Terminology<!--'Philosophical communitarianism', 'Ideological communitarianism', and 'Responsive communitarianism' redirect here--> ==
The philosophy of communitarianism originated in the 20th century, but the term "communitarian" was coined in 1841, by [[John Goodwyn Barmby]], a leader of the British [[Chartism|Chartist]] movement, who used it in referring to [[utopian socialists]] and other idealists who experimented with [[intentional community|communal styles of life]]. However, it was not until the 1980s that the term "communitarianism" gained currency through association with the work of a small group of [[political philosophy|political philosophers]]. Their application of the label "communitarian" was controversial, even among communitarians, because, in the West, the term evokes associations with the ideologies of [[socialism]] and [[Collectivist anarchism|collectivism]]; so, public leaders—and some of the academics who champion this school of thought—usually avoid the term "communitarian", while still advocating and advancing the ideas of communitarianism.

The term is primarily used in two senses:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Communitarianism - By Branch / Doctrine - The Basics of Philosophy |url=https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_communitarianism.html |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=www.philosophybasics.com}}</ref>{{Attribution needed|date=February 2023}}
* '''Philosophical communitarianism'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> considers [[classical liberalism]] to be [[ontologically]] and [[epistemologically]] incoherent, and opposes it on those grounds. Unlike classical liberalism, which construes communities as originating from the voluntary acts of pre-community [[individual]]s, it emphasizes the role of the community in defining and shaping individuals. Communitarians believe that the value of community is not sufficiently recognized in liberal theories of justice.
* '''Ideological communitarianism'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> is characterized as a [[radical centrist]] ideology that is sometimes marked by [[socially conservative]] and [[economically interventionist]] policies. This usage was coined recently. When the term is capitalized (Communitarianism), it usually refers to '''responsive communitarianism'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->, the movement of [[Amitai Etzioni]] and other philosophers.
Czech and Slovak philosophers like Marek Hrubec,<ref>HRUBEC, M. Úvod. In: COHEN, G. A. (2006):Iluze liberální spravedlnosti. Praha: Filosofia, {{ISBN|8070072342}}</ref> [[:cs:Lukáš Perný|Lukáš Perný]]<ref>PERNÝ, Lukáš. Vybrané kapitoly zo súčasnej anglo-americkej sociálnej filozofie: Liberalizmus, komunitarizmus, neomarxizmus.. [s.l.]: Vydavateľstvo Prešovskej univerzity v Prešove 160 s. Dostupné online. {{ISBN|9788055520452}}. (slovensky) Google-Books-ID: lSp1DwAAQBAJ.</ref> and [[Luboš Blaha]]<ref>BLAHA, L. (2018): Antiglobalista. Bratislava: VEDA, {{ISBN|978-80-224-1628-3}}.</ref> extend communitarianism to social projects tied to the values and significance of community or [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivism]] and to various types of [[communism]] and [[socialism]] (Christian, scientific, or utopian), including:
* Historical roots of collectivist projects from [[Plato]], through [[François-Noël Babeuf]], [[Pierre Joseph Proudhon]], [[Mikhail Bakunin]], [[Charles Fourier]], [[Robert Owen]] to [[Karl Marx]]
* Contemporary theoretical communitarianism ([[Michael J. Sandel]], [[Michael Walzer]], [[Alasdair MacIntyre]], [[Charles Taylor (philosopher)|Charles Taylor]]), originating in the 1980s
** Pro-liberal, pro-multicultural (Walzer, Taylor)
** Anti-liberal, pro-national (Sandel, MacIntyre)
* The vision of practical, self-sustaining communities as described by [[Thomas More]] (''Utopia''), [[Tommaso Campanella]] ({{lang|la|Civitas solis}}) and practised by Christian Utopians ([[Jesuit Reduction]]) or utopian socialists like [[Charles Fourier]] ([[List of Fourierist Associations in the United States]]), [[Robert Owen]] ([[List of Owenite communities in the United States]]). This line includes various forms of [[cooperatives]], [[self-help]] institutions, or communities ([[Hussite]] communities, [[The Diggers]], [[Habans]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amish]], Israeli [[kibbutz]], Slavic [[Občina|community]]; examples include the [[Twelve Tribes communities]], [[Tamera]] (Portugal), [[Marinaleda]] (Spain), the monastic state of [[Mount Athos]]<ref>PERNÝ, Lukáš. Lukáš Perný: Komunitarizmus ako alternatíva individualizmu. DAV DVA – kultúrno-politický magazín</ref> and the [[Catholic Worker Movement]]).