Editing Coma Berenices (section)

== History ==
[[Image:Head Berenike II Glyptothek Munich.jpg|thumb|180px|alt=See caption|Bust of [[Berenice II of Egypt]]]]
Coma Berenices has been recognized as an [[asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] since the [[Hellenistic period]]<ref name="pasachoff">{{cite book |title= Stars and Planets |first= Jay M. |last= Pasachoff |year = 2006 |publisher= Houghton Mifflin |location= Boston, Massachusetts}}</ref> (or much earlier, according to some authors), and is the only [[88 modern constellations|modern constellation]] named for an historic figure.{{sfn|Van Oppen de Ruiter|2015|p=109}} It was introduced to Western astronomy during the third century BC by [[Conon of Samos]], the court astronomer of Egyptian ruler [[Ptolemy III Euergetes]], to honour Ptolemy's consort, [[Berenice II of Egypt|Berenice&nbsp;II]].<ref>{{cite book |author= Gaius Julius Hyginus |title= Astronomica |year= 1589 |publisher= [Heidelbergae] In Officina Sanctandreana |url= https://archive.org/details/astronomicaveter00proc |section= 2.24|author-link= Gaius Julius Hyginus }}</ref> Berenice vowed to sacrifice her long hair as a [[votive offering]] if Ptolemy returned safely from battle during the [[Syrian Wars|Third Syrian War]].<ref name="Barentine">{{cite book |first= John C. |last= Barentine |title= Uncharted Constellations: Asterisms, Single-Source and Rebrands |publisher =Springer |year=2016| page=17 |isbn= 978-3-319-27619-9}}</ref> Modern scholars are uncertain if Berenice made the sacrifice before or after Ptolemy's return; it was suggested that it happened after Ptolemy's return (around March–June or May 245 BC), when Conon presented the asterism jointly with scholar and poet [[Callimachus]] during a public evening ceremony.<ref>{{cite book |last= Van Oppen de Ruiter |first= Branko F. |title =Berenice II Euergetis: Essays in Early Hellenistic Queenship |publisher=Springer| year=2015 |page=110 |isbn=978-1-137-49462-7}}</ref> In Callimachus' poem, ''[[Aetia (Callimachus)|Aetia]]'' (composed around that time), Berenice dedicated her tresses "to all the gods". In Poem 66, the Latin translation by the Roman poet [[Catullus]], and in [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]]' ''[[De Astronomica]]'', she dedicated her tresses to [[Aphrodite]] and placed them in the [[Sanctuary of Arsinoe Aphrodite at Cape Zephyrion|temple of Arsinoe II]] (identified after Berenice's death with Aphrodite) at [[Zephyrium]]. According to ''De astronomica'', by the next morning the tresses had disappeared. Conon proposed that Aphrodite had placed the tresses in the sky as an acknowledgement of Berenice's sacrifice.<ref name="Barentine"/> Callimachus called the asterism ''plokamos Berenikēs'' or ''bostrukhon Berenikēs'' in Greek, translated into Latin as "Coma Berenices" by Catullus. [[Hipparchus]]{{r|ley196312}} and [[Geminus]] also recognized it as a distinct constellation.<ref>{{cite book | first=Elly |last= Dekker |author-link=Elly Dekker|title= Illustrating the Phaenomena: Celestial Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford, United Kingdom |year=2012 |page=41 |isbn=978-0-19-960969-7}}</ref> [[Eratosthenes]] called it "Berenice's Hair" and "[[Ariadne]]'s Hair", considering it part of the constellation [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Garfinkle |first=Robert |title= Star-Hopping: Your Visa to Viewing the Universe| publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= Cambridge, United Kingdom |year=1997 |page=122 |isbn =0-521-59889-3}}</ref> Similarly, [[Ptolemy]] did not include it among his 48 constellations in the ''[[Almagest]]'';<ref name="ley196312">{{Cite magazine |last=Ley |first=Willy |date=December 1963 |title=The Names of the Constellations |department=For Your Information |url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v22n02_1963-12#page/n46/mode/1up |magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction |pages=90–99}}</ref> considering it part of Leo<ref name="pasachoff"/> and calling it ''Plokamos''.<ref name="Kunitzsch">{{cite web |url= http://opar.unior.it/473/1/P._Kunitzsch_pp.19-28_pdf.pdf |title= Albumasariana |work= Annali Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli |publisher= OPAR L'Orientale Open Archive |first=Paul |last= Kunitzsch |page=4 |date=2002 |access-date =6 November 2016}}</ref>

[[Image:Virgo et Coma Berenices - Mercator.jpeg|thumb|left|180px|alt=Sixteenth-century sky map superimposed on a globe|Coma Berenices on Mercator's 1551 celestial globe, in the upper left]]
Coma Berenices became popular during the 16th century. In 1515, a set of [[Gore (segment)|gores]] by [[Johannes Schöner]] labelled the asterism ''Trica'', "hair". In 1536 it appeared on a [[celestial globe]] by [[Caspar Vopel]], who is credited with the asterism's designation as a constellation.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/comaberenices.html |title = Coma Berenices |first = Ian |last = Ridpath |work = Star Tales |access-date = 11 April 2012}}</ref> That year, it also appeared on a celestial map by [[Petrus Apianus]] as "Crines Berenices". In 1551, Coma Berenices appeared on a [[celestial globe]] by [[Gerardus Mercator]] with five Latin and Greek names: Cincinnus, ''caesaries'', ''πλόκαμος'', ''Berenicis crinis'' and Trica. Mercator's reputation as a cartographer ensured the constellation's inclusion on Dutch sky globes beginning in 1589.<ref name="Dekker">{{cite web | url =http://www.atlascoelestis.com/Vopel%202010%20base.htm|title=Caspar Vopel's Ventures in Sixteenth-Century Celestial Cartography|first=Elly |last= Dekker|author-link=Elly Dekker|publisher=Atlas Coelestis| access-date =15 Aug 2016}}</ref>

[[Tycho Brahe]], also credited with Coma's designation as a constellation, included it in his 1602 [[star catalogue]].<ref name="pasachoff"/> Brahe recorded fourteen stars in the constellation; [[Johannes Hevelius]] increased its number to twenty-one, and [[John Flamsteed]] to forty-three. Coma Berenices also appeared in [[Johann Bayer]]'s 1603 ''[[Uranometria]]'', and a few other 17th-century celestial maps followed suit. Coma Berenices and the now-obsolete [[Antinous (constellation)|Antinous]] are considered the first post-Ptolemaic constellations depicted on a celestial globe.<ref>{{cite book | first=John | last=Lankford | year=2011 | title=History of Astronomy: An Encyclopedia | page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofastrono00john/page/165 165] | publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn=978-0-8153-0322-0 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofastrono00john/page/165 }}</ref> With Antinous, Coma Berenices exemplified a trend in astronomy in which globe- and map-makers continued to rely on the ancients for data. This trend ended at the turn of the 16th century with observations of the [[Southern Celestial Hemisphere|southern sky]] and the work of Tycho Brahe.<ref name="Dekker"/>

Before the 18th century Coma Berenices was known in English by several names, including "Berenice's Bush" and "Berenice's [[Wig|periwig]]".<ref name="allen">{{cite web | url =https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Coma_Berenices*.html|title=Star Names Their Lore and Meaning |first=Richard Hinckley |last=Allen|publisher=[[LacusCurtius]]| access-date =19 July 2016}}</ref> The earliest-known English name, "Berenices haire", dates to 1601.<ref name="allen"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url =http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Berenice |title=Berenice|dictionary=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]| access-date =19 July 2016}}</ref> By 1702 the constellation was known as Coma Berenices,<ref>{{cite book | title =An Introduction to Astronomy, Geography, Navigation and Other Mathematical Sciences, Made Easie by the Description and Uses of the Coelestial and Terrestrial Globes| first1=William |last1=Leybourn |first2= Robert |last2=Morden|publisher =R. Morden| year =1702| page =30}}</ref> and appears as such in the 1731 ''[[An Universal Etymological English Dictionary|Universal Etymological English Dictionary]]''.

===Non-Western astronomy===
Coma Berenices was known to the [[Akkadians]] as Ḫegala.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Douglas B. Miller |author2=R. Mark Shipp| title =An Akkadian Handbook: Paradigms, Helps, Glossary, Logograms, and Sign List| publisher =Eisenbrauns| year =1996| page =53| isbn =0-931464-86-2}}</ref> In [[Babylonian astronomy]] a star, known as ḪÉ.GÁL-''a''-''a'' (translated as "which is before it") or MÚL.ḪÉ.GÁL-''a''-''a'', is tentatively considered part of Coma Berenices.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.undena.com/EL-UP/Reiner_and_Pingree_1981_Enuma_Anu_Enlil_-_BM_2.2.pdf| title =Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Two. Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 50–51| author1=E. Reiner |author2=D. Pingree| publisher =Undena Publications| date =1985| access-date =10 July 2016| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160816205420/http://www.undena.com/EL-UP/Reiner_and_Pingree_1981_Enuma_Anu_Enlil_-_BM_2.2.pdf| archive-date =16 August 2016}}</ref> It was also argued that Coma Berenices appears in Egyptian [[Ramesside star clocks]] as ''sb3w ꜥš3w'', meaning "many stars".<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.iac.es/proyecto/arqueoastronomia/media/Belmonte_Shaltout_Chapter_6.pdf |title=In Search of Cosmic Order: Selected Essays on Egyptian Archaeoastronomy|author1=José Lull |author2=Juan Antonio Belmonte|page=177|publisher=[[Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias]]}}</ref>

In [[Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world|Arabic astronomy]] Coma Berenices was known as ''Al-Dafira الضفيرة ("braid"),'' ''Al-Hulba'' ''الهلبة'' and ''Al-Thu'aba الذؤابة'' (both meaning "tuft"), the latter two are translations of the Ptolemaic ''Plokamos'', forming the tuft of the constellation [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]<ref name="Kunitzsch"/> and including most of the [[Flamsteed designation|Flamsteed-designated]] stars (particularly [[12 Comae Berenices|12]], [[13 Comae Berenices|13]], [[14 Comae Berenices|14]], [[16 Comae Berenices|16]], [[17 Comae Berenices|17]], [[18 Comae Berenices|18]] and [[21 Comae Berenices]]).<ref>{{cite web | url =http://onesky.arizona.edu/arab-star-names/the-tail-hair/ |title=The Tail Hair |publisher=Two Deserts One Sky| access-date =6 November 2016}}</ref> [[Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi|Al-Sufi]] included it in Leo. [[Ulugh Beg]], however, regarded ''Al-Dafira'' as consisting of two stars, [[7 Comae Berenices|7]] and [[23 Comae Berenices]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Royal Astronomical Society|volume=14–15| title =Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society| year =1843| page =191}}</ref> R. H. Allen's ''[[Star Names]]'' gives the name ''Al Ḍafīrah'' to 15 = [[Gamma Comae Berenices]].<ref name="allen"/>

The North American [[Pawnee people]] depicted Coma Berenices as ten faint stars on a [[Tanning (leather)|tanned]] elk-skin star map dated to at least the 17th century.<ref>{{cite magazine | author=Ralph N. Buckstaff | title =Stars and Constellations of a Pawnee Sky Map | magazine =[[American Anthropologist]]| year =1927| volume=29|issue=2|page =282}}</ref> In the South American [[Kalina people|Kalina]] mythology, the constellation was known as ''ombatapo'' (face).<ref name="Mythologiques">{{cite book | first=Claude |last=Lévi-Strauss| title =Mythologiques| publisher =University of Chicago Press| year =1983| page =232| isbn =0-226-47487-9}}</ref>

The constellation was also recognized by several [[Polynesian peoples]]. The people of [[Tonga]] had four names for Coma Berenices: ''Fatana-lua'', ''Fata-olunga'', ''Fata-lalo'' and ''Kapakau-o-Tafahi''.<ref>{{cite book | author = Maud Worcester Makemson | year = 1941 | publisher = Yale University Press | title = The Morning Star Rises: an account of Polynesian astronomy| page=281| bibcode = 1941msra.book.....M }}</ref> The [[Boorong people]] called the constellation ''Tourt-chinboiong-gherra'', and saw it as a small flock of birds drinking rainwater from a puddle in the [[wikt:crotch|crotch]] of a tree.<ref>{{cite book | editor=Helaine Selin| title =Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media| year =2012| page =75| isbn =978-94-011-4179-6}}</ref> The people of the [[Pukapuka]] atoll may have called it ''Te Yiku-o-te-kiole'', although sometimes this name is associated with [[Ursa Major]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Slovenská akadémia vied. Kabinet orientalistiky| title =Asian and African Studies| publisher =Veda| year =1999| page =32| volume =8}}</ref>