Editing Columbiana County, Ohio (section)

==History==
The principal historic [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] peoples in the area were the [[Lenape]], [[Mingo]], and [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]]. The Wyandot had an encampment where the city of [[Salem, Ohio|Salem]] now stands.<ref name="Historical Sketch">{{cite web|title=Historical Sketch of Columbiana County|url=http://www.columbianacounty.org/history|publisher=Columbiana County Courts website|accessdate=April 16, 2022}}</ref> Several important indigenous trails ran through the county, the most important being the [[Great Trail]] which ran through the southern parts of the county towards [[Sandusky, Ohio|Sandusky]]. Throughout the second half of the 18th century, starting with [[Christopher Gist]] in 1750, American colonists explored the area as the [[Ohio Company]] surveyed. [[George Washington]], while engaged in land examinations, camped in the area of present-day [[East Liverpool, Ohio|East Liverpool]] in October 1770.<ref name="Historical Sketch" />

In the 1780s, the Native Americans relinquished control of the area, and the region was surveyed in accordance with the [[Land Ordinance of 1785]]. The ensuing [[Public Land Survey System]] of the United States started by surveyor [[Thomas Hutchins]] on north bank of the [[Ohio River]] in present-day East Liverpool resulted in the [[Seven Ranges]], believed to be "the first mathematically designed system and nationally conducted [[cadastre|cadastral]] survey in any modern country."<ref name=nrhpinv2>{{cite journal|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Beginning Point / Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey|url={{NHLS url|id=66000606}} |format=pdf|date=December 27, 1974 |author=Joseph S. Mendinghall |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>

The first permanent settlement in the area was in 1792 or 1793, by hunter John Quinn, who settled near present-day [[Calcutta, Ohio|Calcutta]] in [[St. Clair Township, Columbiana County, Ohio|St. Clair Township]].<ref name="Historical Sketch" /> Columbiana County was founded in 1803 and named in honor of [[Christopher Columbus]], combining his surname with the suffix [[-ana|-iana]]. It was settled early on by [[Quakers]] and [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]] from [[Pennsylvania]], but was later settled primary by [[German Americans|Germans]].<ref name="Historical Sketch" /> The county was the scene of one of the northernmost action fought during the [[American Civil War]]; on July 26, 1863, [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] raiders under [[John Hunt Morgan|John Morgan]] were surrounded and captured by [[Union Army|Union forces]] at the [[Battle of Salineville]].

The county was home to the largest [[pottery]] industry in the world, in [[East Liverpool, Ohio|East Liverpool]] and surrounding communities, which produced more than half of the United States' annual ceramics output. Throughout East Liverpool's ceramics history, there were more than 300 potteries.<ref>[http://www.themuseumofceramics.org/ Museum of Ceramics]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The City of East Liverpool |url=https://eastliverpool.com/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=The City of East Liverpool |language=en-US}}</ref> Other chief industries included iron and brick making, as well as transportation via the Ohio River, [[Sandy and Beaver Canal]], and [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] system.<ref name="Historical Sketch" />

The [[East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment]] occurred on February 3, 2023. A freight train containing hazardous materials including [[vinyl chloride]] derailed in East Palestine. After burning for more than two days, emergency crews conducted a controlled burn of the train's contents, releasing toxic [[hydrogen chloride]] and [[phosgene]] into the air, and contaminating the Ohio River.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 11, 2023 |title=Ohio catastrophe is 'wake-up call' to dangers of deadly train derailments |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/feb/11/ohio-train-derailment-wake-up-call |website=The Guardian |access-date=February 23, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213091852/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/feb/11/ohio-train-derailment-wake-up-call |url-status=live }}</ref>