Editing Colorado Springs, Colorado (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Colorado Springs, Colorado}}
{{For timeline}}

The [[Ute people|Ute]], [[Arapaho]] and [[Cheyenne]] peoples were the first recorded inhabiting the area which would become Colorado Springs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Colorado Springs History and Heritage |url=http://www.visitcos.com/colorado-springs/travel/history-heritage |access-date=May 24, 2013 |publisher=Visit Colorado Springs |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510004958/http://www.visitcos.com/colorado-springs/travel/history-heritage |url-status=live }}</ref> Part of the territory included in the United States' 1803 [[Louisiana Purchase]], the current city area was designated part of the 1854 [[Kansas Territory]]. In 1859, after the first local settlement was established, it became part of the [[Jefferson Territory]] on October 24 and of [[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] on November 28. [[Old Colorado City|Colorado City]] at the [[Front Range]] confluence of Fountain and Camp creeks was "formally organized on August{{nbsp}}13, 1859"<ref>{{cite web |title=El Paso County |url=http://www.historycolorado.org/oahp/el-paso-county |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204025254/http://www.historycolorado.org/oahp/el-paso-county |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |publisher=[[History Colorado]] |quote=Platted by his Colorado Springs Company in {{sic|1876}} Manitou Springs retains its winding roads, spa, and many of its grand hotels and residences. Of the approximately 1001 buildings, 752 are considered to be contributing... [[Miramont Castle]]...housed a sanitarium operated by the Sisters of Mercy.|url-status=bot: unknown}} (in 1916, the Sisters of Mercy operated the [[Montcalm Sanitarium]]).<!--Directory1916 p. 29--></ref> during the [[Pikes Peak Gold Rush]]. It served as the capital of the [[Colorado Territory]] from November 5, 1861, until August 14, 1862, when the capital was moved to [[Golden, Colorado|Golden]], before it was finally moved to [[Denver]] in 1867.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smiley |first=Jerome Constant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahY1AQAAMAAJ&q=colorado+springs |title=Semi-centennial History of the State of Colorado |date=1913 |publisher=Brookhaven Press |isbn=978-1-4035-0045-8 |pages=367–369 |language=en |access-date=May 13, 2020 |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802195343/https://books.google.com/books?id=ahY1AQAAMAAJ&q=colorado+springs |url-status=live }}</ref>  So many immigrants from England had settled in Colorado Springs by the early 1870s that Colorado Springs was locally referred to as "Little London".<ref>The Rocky Mountain Region edited by Rick Newby pg. 108</ref> In 1871 the [[Colorado Springs Company]] laid out the towns of La Font (later called [[Manitou Springs, Colorado|Manitou Springs]]) and '''Fountain Colony''',<!-- bolder per [[WP:MOSBOLD]] as a redirect --> upstream and downstream respectively, of Colorado City.<ref name="Harrison">{{Cite book |last=Harrison |first=Deborah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DR8L92tCic0C&pg=PR9 |title=Manitou Springs |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=9780738595962 |access-date=February 27, 2014 |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802195343/https://books.google.com/books?id=DR8L92tCic0C&pg=PR9 |url-status=live }}</ref> Within a year, Fountain Colony was renamed Colorado Springs and officially incorporated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Downtown Historic Survey |url=http://www.springsgov.com/plan/historic3/walkingtour.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203090612/http://www.springsgov.com/plan/historic3/walkingtour.asp |archive-date=February 3, 2015 |access-date=February 27, 2014 |publisher=City of Colorado Springs}}</ref> The El Paso County seat shifted from Colorado City in 1873 to the Town of Colorado Springs.{{r|Capace}} On December 1, 1880, Colorado Springs expanded northward with two annexations.{{r|AnnexXLS1990}}{{r|Directory1898}}

The second period of annexations was during 1889{{ndash}}90, and included Seavey's Addition, West Colorado Springs, East End, and another [[Old North End Historic District (Colorado Springs, Colorado)|North End]] addition.{{r|AnnexXLS1990}} In 1891 the Broadmoor Land Company built the [[Broadmoor, Colorado|Broadmoor]] suburb, which included the [[Broadmoor Casino]], and by December 12, 1895, the city had "four Mining Exchanges and 275 mining brokers."<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 2, 1895 |title=Colorado's Mining Craze. |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1895/12/02/103376021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427223358/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1895/12/02/103376021.pdf |archive-date=April 27, 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=November 12, 2013}}</ref> By 1898, the city was designated into quadrants by the north-south Cascade Avenue and the east-west Washington/Pikes Peak avenues.{{r|Directory1898}}{{rp|10}}

[[File:Nikola Tesla, with his equipment Wellcome M0014782 - restoration2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nikola Tesla]] sitting in the Colorado Springs Experimental Station with his "[[magnifying transmitter]]" generating millions of volts]]

From 1899 to 1901 [[Tesla Experimental Station]] operated on Knob Hill,<ref>Report of the Commission on the Colorado Springs Union Depot (available at PPLD Special Collections and the Colorado College Tutt Library)</ref> and aircraft flights to the Broadmoor's neighboring fields began in 1919.{{r|NRHPairport}} [[Nichols Field (Colorado)|Alexander Airport]] north of the city opened in 1925, and in 1927 the original [[Colorado Springs Municipal Airport]] land was purchased east of the city.{{r|NRHPairport}}

The city's military presence began during [[World War II]], beginning with Camp Carson (now the 135,000-acre [[Fort Carson]] base) that was established in 1941.<ref name="Roeder">{{Cite news |last=Roeder |first=Tom |date=October 18, 2021 |title=Colorado Springs at 150 years {{!}} The military's impact on growth and development |language=en |work=The Gazette |url=https://gazette.com/cos-150/colorado-springs-at-150-years-the-military-s-impact-on-growth-and-development/article_836fa78e-e419-11eb-af54-3f2b62f30c51.html |access-date=April 1, 2022 |archive-date=April 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401175710/https://gazette.com/cos-150/colorado-springs-at-150-years-the-military-s-impact-on-growth-and-development/article_836fa78e-e419-11eb-af54-3f2b62f30c51.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the war, the [[United States Army Air Forces]] leased land adjacent to the municipal airfield, naming it [[Peterson Field]] in December 1942.<ref name="Prinzo">{{Citation |last=Prinzo |title=[description of sites used by 2nd Photo Grp] |date=c. 1945 |type=document with quotation}}</ref>{{r|Directory1916}}

In November 1950, [[Ent Air Force Base]] was selected as the [[Cold War]] headquarters for [[Air Defense Command]] (ADC). The former WWII Army Air Base, Peterson Field, which had been inactivated at the end of the war, was re-opened in 1951 as a [[Peterson Air Force Base|U.S. Air Force base]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mueller |first=Robert |year=1989 |title=Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 |journal=Air Force Bases (Report) |publisher=Office of Air Force History |volume=I |isbn=0-912799-53-6}}</ref> [[&nbsp;North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD) was established as a hardened command and control center within the [[Cheyenne Mountain Complex]] during the Cold War.<ref name="NORAD">{{Cite web |title=North American Aerospace Defense Command > About NORAD > Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station |url=https://www.norad.mil/About-NORAD/Cheyenne-Mountain-Air-Force-Station/ |access-date=April 1, 2022 |website=North American Aerospace Defense Command |archive-date=March 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323232607/https://www.norad.mil/About-NORAD/Cheyenne-Mountain-Air-Force-Station/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between 1965 and 1968, the [[University of Colorado Colorado Springs]], [[Pikes Peak State College]] and [[Colorado Technical University]] were established in or near the city.<ref name="Hellmann">{{Cite book |last=Hellmann |first=Paul T |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQ-R4O2L3nEC&pg=PA129 |title=Historical Gazetteer of the United States |date=November 1, 2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-99700-0 |page=129 |format=Google books |access-date=May 23, 2013 |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802195343/https://books.google.com/books?id=EQ-R4O2L3nEC&pg=PA129 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cucoAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Alamo+Garage%22+%22colorado+springs%22&pg=PA510 |title=Annual Report to Congress of the Federal Board for Vocational Education |access-date=November 29, 2013 |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802195343/https://books.google.com/books?id=cucoAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Alamo+Garage%22+%22colorado+springs%22&pg=PA510 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1977 most of the former Ent AFB became a [[United States Olympic Training Center|US Olympic training center]]. The [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] was founded within the city in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sydney Herdle – ''The Daily Collegian'' |title=A guide to the major platforms of the Libertarian Party |url=http://www.collegian.psu.edu/news/state_national_international/article_0ee1beaa-7f8f-11e6-8433-df021ddbbe6a.html |website=psu.edu |date=September 21, 2016 |access-date=September 23, 2016 |archive-date=September 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921141629/http://www.collegian.psu.edu/news/state_national_international/article_0ee1beaa-7f8f-11e6-8433-df021ddbbe6a.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On October 1, 1981, the Broadmoor Addition,{{r|AnnexXLS1990}} Cheyenne Canon, [[Ivywild, Colorado|Ivywild]], Skyway, and Stratton Meadows were annexed after the [[Colorado Supreme Court]] "overturned a district court decision that voided the [[annexation]]". Further annexations expanding the city include the Nielson Addition and Vineyard Commerce Park Annexation in September 2008.{{r|AnnexXLS1990}}

On June 23, 2012, the [[Waldo Canyon fire]] began {{convert|4|mi|km}} northwest of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beckman · |first=Abigail |date=2022-06-23 |title=Remembering the Waldo Canyon fire in Colorado Springs ten years later |url=https://www.cpr.org/2022/06/23/remembering-the-waldo-canyon-fire-in-colorado-springs-ten-years-later/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Colorado Public Radio |language=en}}</ref> The fire ended up destroying 347 homes and killing two people in the city. In total, over 32,000 residents had to be evacuated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waldo Canyon and Black Forest Fires - CSPM |url=https://www.cspm.org/cos-150-story/waldo-canyon-and-black-forest-fires/ |access-date=May 2, 2024 |website=www.cspm.org}}</ref> At the time the fire was the most destructive in state history until it was surpassed by the [[Black Forest Fire]] the following year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beckman · |first=Abigail |date=2022-06-23 |title=Remembering the Waldo Canyon fire in Colorado Springs ten years later |url=https://www.cpr.org/2022/06/23/remembering-the-waldo-canyon-fire-in-colorado-springs-ten-years-later/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Colorado Public Radio |language=en}}</ref>
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