Editing Cognitive behavioral therapy (section)

==History==

=== Philosophy ===
Precursors of certain fundamental aspects of CBT have been identified in various ancient philosophical traditions, particularly [[Stoicism]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Donald Robertson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsOFyJaR5vEC&pg=PR19 |title=The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy |publisher=Karnac |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-85575-756-1 |location=London |page=xix}}</ref> Stoic philosophers, particularly [[Epictetus]], believed logic could be used to identify and discard false beliefs that lead to destructive emotions, which has influenced the way modern cognitive-behavioral therapists identify cognitive distortions that contribute to depression and anxiety. [[Aaron T. Beck]]'s original treatment manual for depression states, "The philosophical origins of cognitive therapy can be traced back to the Stoic philosophers".<ref>{{cite book |title=Cognitive Therapy of Depression |vauthors=Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G |publisher=Guilford Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-89862-000-9 |location=New York |page=8}}</ref> Another example of Stoic influence on cognitive theorists is [[Epictetus]] on [[Albert Ellis]].<ref name="Engler">{{cite book |title=Personality theories |vauthors=Engler B |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=2006 |edition=7th |location=Boston |page=424}}</ref> A key philosophical figure who influenced the development of CBT was [[John Stuart Mill]] through his creation of [[Associationism]], a predecessor of [[classical conditioning]] and behavioral theory.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bistricky SL |date=June 2013 |title=Mill and mental phenomena: critical contributions to a science of cognition |journal=Behavioral Sciences |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=217–231 |doi=10.3390/bs3020217 |pmc=4217623 |pmid=25379235 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Robinson">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/intellectualhist00robeho |title=An intellectual history of psychology |vauthors=Robinson DN |date=1995 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |edition=3rd |location=Madison, WI |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Principles originating from [[Buddhism]] have significantly impacted the evolution of various new forms of CBT, including [[dialectical behavior therapy]], [[mindfulness-based cognitive therapy]], spirituality-based CBT, and [[compassion-focused therapy]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The compassionate mind: a new approach to life's challenges |vauthors=Gilbert P |date=2009 |publisher=Constable |isbn=978-1-84529-713-8 |edition=1st |location=London}}</ref>

The modern roots of CBT can be traced to the development of [[behavior therapy]] in the early 20th century, the development of [[cognitive therapy]] in the 1960s, and the subsequent merging of the two.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nakao |first1=Mutsuhiro |last2=Shirotsuki |first2=Kentaro |last3=Sugaya |first3=Nagisa |date=2021-10-03 |title=Cognitive–behavioral therapy for management of mental health and stress-related disorders: Recent advances in techniques and technologies |journal=BioPsychoSocial Medicine |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.1186/s13030-021-00219-w |doi-access=free |issn=1751-0759 |pmc=8489050 |pmid=34602086}}</ref>

===Behavioral therapy===
[[File:John Broadus Watson.JPG|thumb|[[John B. Watson]]]]
Groundbreaking work in [[behaviorism]] began with [[John B. Watson]] and [[Rosalie Rayner]]'s studies of conditioning in 1920.<ref name="Trull">{{cite book |title=Clinical psychology |vauthors=Trull TJ |date=2007 |publisher=[[Thomson/Wadsworth]] |edition=7th |location=Belmont, CA}}</ref> Behaviorally-centered therapeutic approaches appeared as early as 1924<ref name="Rachman_1997">{{Cite book |title=Science and practice of cognitive behaviour therapy |vauthors=Rachman S |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-262726-1 |veditors=Clark D, Fairburn CG, Gelder MG |location=Oxford |pages=1–26 |chapter=The evolution of cognitive behaviour therapy}}</ref> with [[Mary Cover Jones]]' work dedicated to the unlearning of fears in children.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones MC |year=1924 |title=The Elimination of Children's Fears |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=382–390 |doi=10.1037/h0072283}}</ref> These were the antecedents of the development of [[Joseph Wolpe]]'s behavioral therapy in the 1950s.<ref name="Trull" /> It was the work of Wolpe and Watson, which was based on [[Ivan Pavlov]]'s work on learning and conditioning, that influenced [[Hans Eysenck]] and [[Arnold Lazarus]] to develop new behavioral therapy techniques based on [[classical conditioning]].<ref name="Trull" /><ref name="Corsini">{{cite book |title=Current psychotherapies |date=2008 |publisher=Thomson Brooks/Cole |veditors=Corsini RJ, Wedding D |edition=8th |location=Belmont, CA}}</ref>

During the 1950s and 1960s, behavioral therapy became widely used by researchers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Africa. Their inspiration was by the [[Behaviorism|behaviorist]] learning theory of [[Ivan Pavlov]], [[John B. Watson]], and [[Clark L. Hull]].<ref name="Rachman_1997" />

In Britain, [[Joseph Wolpe]], who applied the findings of animal experiments to his method of [[systematic desensitization]],<ref name="Trull" /> applied behavioral research to the treatment of neurotic disorders. Wolpe's therapeutic efforts were precursors to today's fear reduction techniques.<ref name="Rachman_1997" /> British psychologist [[Hans Eysenck]] presented behavior therapy as a constructive alternative.<ref name="Rachman_1997" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Eysenck HJ |date=October 1952 |title=The effects of psychotherapy: an evaluation |journal=Journal of Consulting Psychology |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=319–324 |doi=10.1037/h0063633 |pmid=13000035}}</ref>

At the same time as Eysenck's work, [[B. F. Skinner]] and his associates were beginning to have an impact with their work on [[operant conditioning]].<ref name="Trull" /><ref name="Corsini" /> Skinner's work was referred to as [[radical behaviorism]] and avoided anything related to cognition.<ref name="Trull" /> However, [[Julian Rotter]] in 1954 and [[Albert Bandura]] in 1969 contributed to behavior therapy with their works on [[social learning theory]] by demonstrating the effects of cognition on learning and behavior modification.<ref name="Trull" /><ref name="Corsini" /> The work of [[Claire Weekes]] in dealing with anxiety disorders in the 1960s is also seen as a prototype of behavior therapy.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2020 |title=Desperately Seeking Hope and Help for Your Nerves? Try Reading 'Hope and Help for Your Nerves' |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/books/hope-help-for-your-nerves-claire-weekes-virus.html |access-date=21 January 2021 |vauthors=Kelly H}}</ref>

The emphasis on behavioral factors has been described as the "first wave" of CBT.<ref name="Wilson">{{cite book |title=Current psychotherapies |vauthors=Wilson GT |date=2008 |publisher=Thomson Brooks/Cole |veditors=Corsini RJ, Wedding D |edition=8th |location=Belmont, CA |pages=63–106 |chapter=Behavior therapy}}</ref>

===Cognitive therapy===
One of the first therapists to address cognition in psychotherapy was [[Alfred Adler]], notably with his idea of [[Classical Adlerian psychology|basic mistakes]] and how they contributed to creation of unhealthy behavioral and life goals.<ref name="AP">{{cite book |title=Current psychotherapies |vauthors=Mosak HH, Maniacci M |date=2008 |publisher=Thomson Brooks/Cole |veditors=Corsini RJ, Wedding D |edition=8th |location=Belmont, CA |pages=63–106 |chapter=Adlerian psychotherapy}}</ref>[[Abraham Low]] believed that someone's thoughts were best changed by changing their actions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The truth is indeed sobering A Response to Dr. Lance Dodes (Part Two) > Detroit Legal News |url=https://legalnews.com/detroit/1403173 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=legalnews.com}}</ref> Adler and Low influenced the work of [[Albert Ellis]],<ref name="AP" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The truth is indeed sobering A Response to Dr. Lance Dodes (Part Two) |url=http://legalnews.com/detroit/1403173 |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=legalnews.com |publisher=Detroit Legal News}}</ref> who developed the earliest cognitive-based psychotherapy called [[Rational emotive behavior therapy|rational emotive behavioral therapy]], or REBT.<ref>{{cite book |title=Current psychotherapies |vauthors=Ellis A |date=2008 |publisher=Thomson Brooks/Cole |veditors=Corsini RJ, Wedding D |edition=8th |location=Belmont, CA |pages=63–106 |chapter=Rational emotive behavior therapy}}</ref> The first version of REBT was announced to the public in 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=Albert |date=1989 |title=Rational Psychotherapy |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1046171x.1989.12034348 |journal=TACD Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=67–80 |doi=10.1080/1046171x.1989.12034348 |issn=1046-171X}}</ref>

In the late 1950s, [[Aaron T. Beck]] was conducting [[Free association (psychology)|free association]] sessions in his [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] practice.<ref name="Beck_2021">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_iAUcHc60cC |title=Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Third Edition: Basics and Beyond |vauthors=Beck JS |publisher=Guilford Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-60918-506-0 |page=6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EABH">{{cite book |title=Emotions: A brief history |vauthors=Oatley K |date=2004 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, MA |page=53}}</ref> During these sessions, Beck noticed that thoughts were not as unconscious as [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] had previously theorized, and that certain types of thinking may be the culprits of emotional distress.<ref name="EABH" /> It was from this hypothesis that Beck developed [[cognitive therapy]], and called these thoughts "automatic thoughts".<ref name="EABH" /> He first published his new methodology in 1967, and his first treatment manual in 1979.<ref name="Beck_2021" /> Beck has been referred to as "the father of cognitive behavioral therapy".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Medical Basis of Psychiatry |vauthors=Folsom TD, Merz A, Grant JE, Fatemi N, Fatemi SA, Fatemi SH |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4939-2527-8 |location=New York |pages=925–1007 |chapter=Profiles in History of Neuroscience and Psychiatry |doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-2528-5_42}}</ref>

It was these two therapies, rational emotive therapy, and cognitive therapy, that started the "second wave" of CBT, which emphasized cognitive factors.<ref name="Wilson" />

===Merger of behavioral and cognitive therapies===
Although the early behavioral approaches were successful in many so-called [[neurotic disorders]], they had little success in treating [[Major depressive disorder|depression]].<ref name="Trull" /><ref name="Rachman_1997" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Behavior therapy: Concepts, procedures, and applications |vauthors=Thorpe GL, Olson SL |date=1997 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |edition=2nd |location=Boston, MA}}</ref> Behaviorism was also losing popularity due to the [[cognitive revolution]]. The therapeutic approaches of [[Albert Ellis (psychologist)|Albert Ellis]] and [[Aaron T. Beck]] gained popularity among behavior therapists, despite the earlier behaviorist rejection of [[Mentalism (psychology)|mentalistic]] concepts like thoughts and cognitions.<ref name="Trull" /> Both of these systems included behavioral elements and interventions, with the primary focus being on problems in the present.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Checklist |first=Anxiety |title=Understanding CBT for Anxiety: An Evidence-Based Approach to Mental Wellness {{!}} Anxiety Checklist |url=https://anxietychecklist.com/understanding-cbt-anxiety |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=anxietychecklist.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rachman |first=S. |date=2015-01-02 |title=The evolution of behaviour therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25462876/ |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=64 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.brat.2014.10.006 |issn=1873-622X |pmid=25462876}}</ref>

In initial studies, cognitive therapy was often contrasted with behavioral treatments to see which was most effective. During the 1980s and 1990s, cognitive and behavioral techniques were merged into cognitive behavioral therapy. Pivotal to this merging was the successful development of treatments for [[panic disorder]] by [[David M. Clark]] in the UK and [[David H. Barlow]] in the US.<ref name="Rachman_1997" />

Over time, cognitive behavior therapy came to be known not only as a therapy, but as an umbrella term for all cognitive-based psychotherapies.<ref name="Trull" /> These therapies include, but are not limited to, [[Rational emotive behavior therapy|REBT]], [[cognitive therapy]], [[acceptance and commitment therapy]], [[dialectical behavior therapy]], [[metacognitive therapy]], [[metacognitive training]], [[reality therapy]]/[[Glasser's choice theory|choice theory]], [[cognitive processing therapy]], [[Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing|EMDR]], and [[multimodal therapy]].<ref name="Trull" />

This blending of theoretical and technical foundations from both [[Behaviour therapy#"Third generation"|behavior]] and cognitive therapies constituted the "third wave" of CBT.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hayes SC, Hofmann SG |date=October 2017 |title=The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy and the rise of process-based care |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=245–246 |doi=10.1002/wps.20442 |pmc=5608815 |pmid=28941087}}</ref><ref name="Wilson" /> The most prominent therapies of this third wave are [[dialectical behavior therapy]] and [[acceptance and commitment therapy]].<ref name="Wilson" /> Despite the increasing popularity of third-wave treatment approaches, reviews of studies reveal there may be no difference in the effectiveness compared with non-third wave CBT for the treatment of depression.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Hunot V, Moore TH, Caldwell DM, Furukawa TA, Davies P, Jones H, Honyashiki M, Chen P, Lewis G, Churchill R |date=October 2013 |title='Third wave' cognitive and behavioural therapies versus other psychological therapies for depression |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=10 |pages=CD008704 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008704.pub2 |pmid=24142844 |s2cid=1872743 |collaboration=Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group}}</ref>