Editing Coffea (section)

== Cultivation and use ==
{{Cookbook|Coffee}}{{main|Coffee production}}
[[File:Freshly harvested coffee cherries.jpg|thumb|alt=Freshly harvested coffee cherries|Freshly harvested coffee cherries]]
[[File:CoffeeBerry.jpg|left|thumb|''Coffea'' fruits, [[Bali]]]]
There are over 130 species of ''Coffea'', which is grown from seed. The two most popular are ''[[Coffea arabica]]'' (commonly known simply as "Arabica"), which accounts for 60–80% of the world's coffee production, and ''[[Coffea canephora]]'' (known as "[[Robusta coffee|Robusta]]"), which accounts for about 20–40%.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Coffee Plant: Arabica and Robusta |url=http://www.coffeeresearch.org/agriculture/coffeeplant.htm |publisher=[[Coffee Research Institute]] |access-date=2018-11-17}}</ref><ref name="CoffeeProduction">{{cite web |title=Coffee: World Markets and Trade |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture – Foreign Agricultural Service |date=16 June 2017 |url=https://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/fas/tropprod//2010s/2017/tropprod-06-16-2017.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010184341/http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/fas/tropprod/2010s/2017/tropprod-06-16-2017.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-10 |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> ''C. arabica'' is preferred for its sweeter taste, while ''C. canephora'' has a higher caffeine content. ''C. arabica'' has its origins in the highlands of Ethiopia and the Boma Plateau of Sudan, and came about as the result of a hybrid between ''C. canephora'' and ''[[Coffea eugenioides|C. eugenioides]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lashermes |first1=P. |last2=Combes |first2=M.-C. |last3=Robert |first3=J. |last4=Trouslot |first4=P. |last5=D'Hont |first5=A. |last6=Anthony |first6=F. |last7=Charrier |first7=A. |title=Molecular characterisation and origin of the ''Coffea arabica'' L. genome |journal=Molecular and General Genetics |date=1999 |volume=261 |issue=2 |pages=259–266 |pmid=10102360 |s2cid=7978085 |doi=10.1007/s004380050965}}</ref>

The trees produce edible red or purple fruits that are either [[epigynous berries]] or [[Dehiscence (botany)|indehiscent]] [[drupe]]s.<ref name=DaviGovaBridStof06>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Aaron P. |last2=Govaerts |first2=Rafael |last3=Bridson |first3=Diane M. |last4=Stoffelen |first4=Piet |date=2006 |title=An annotated taxonomic conspectus of the genus ''Coffea'' (Rubiaceae) |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=152 |issue=4 |pages=465–512 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00584.x |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free}}</ref> The fruit is often referred to as a "[[coffee cherry]]", and it contains two seeds, called "[[coffee bean]]s".<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Coffee? |url=https://www.ncausa.org/About-Coffee/What-is-Coffee |access-date=2020-07-14 |website=www.ncausa.org}}</ref> Despite these terms, coffee is neither a true [[cherry]] (the fruit of certain species in the genus ''[[Prunus]]'') nor a true [[bean]] (seeds from plants in the family ''[[Fabaceae]]'').

In any coffee crop, about 5–10% of fruits contain only a single bean. Called a [[peaberry]], it is smaller and rounder than a normal coffee bean.

When grown in the tropics, coffee is a vigorous bush or small tree that usually grows to a height of {{convert|3|-|3.5|m|ft|frac=2|abbr=on}}. Most commonly cultivated coffee species grow best at high elevations, but do not tolerate freezing temperatures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petek |first1=Marcos Rafael |last2=Sera |first2=Tumoru |last3=Alteia |first3=Marcos Zorzenon |title=Genetic variability for frost resistance among Coffea accessions assessed in the field and in a cold chamber |journal=Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology |date=January 2005 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=15–21 |doi=10.1590/S1516-89132005000100003 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The ''Coffea arabica'' tree grows fruit after three to five years, producing for an average of 50 to 60 years, though up to 100 years is possible.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cips.org/Documents/Knowledge/Categories-Commodities/Mintec/MintecCFS_Coffee.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120152115/https://www.cips.org/Documents/Knowledge/Categories-Commodities/Mintec/MintecCFS_Coffee.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-20 |url-status=dead|publisher=Mintec|title=Coffee bean: commodity factsheet}}</ref> The white flowers are highly scented. The fruit takes about nine months to ripen.
[[File:Coffe flower.jpg|thumb|''Coffea'' flower]]

[[File:Pollen grains of Coffee plant.jpg|thumb|Pollen grains of Coffee plant]]
[[File:Coffee cherry cross section.JPG|thumb|''Coffea'' fruit cross section]]
[[File:Coffea racemosa00.jpg|thumb|''[[Coffea racemosa]]'' fruits]]
[[File:Coffee germination.jpg|thumb|''[[Coffea arabica]]'' beans germinating]]
[[File:Coffee arabica flower.jpg|thumb|''[[Coffea arabica]]'' flowers]]
[[File:Coffee arabica cherry.jpg|thumb|Ripe ''[[Coffea arabica]]'' fruits]]
[[File:Open coffee cherry.jpg|thumb|Beans inside a ''[[Coffea arabica]]'' fruit]]
[[File:咖啡樹-草坪頭 Coffea 20220203134728.jpg|thumb|''Coffea'' branches]]