Editing Coeur d'Alene, Idaho (section)

==History==
[[File:Coeur d'Alene Mission in the Rocky Mountains.jpg|thumb|[[Old Mission State Park|Coeur d'Alene Mission of the Sacred Heart]] on the [[Coeur d'Alene River]], 1855]]

The [[Coeur d'Alene people]] called themselves ''Schitsu'umsh'' in [[Coeur d'Alene language|Coeur d'Alene]], one of the [[Salishan languages]], meaning "those who are found here"<ref name=CDAppl>Dahlgren et al. (2009), p. 2</ref><ref name=essay/> or "the found ones".<ref name=VII>Singletary (2019), p. VII</ref> These Native Americans lived along the rivers and lakes of the region, in a territory of {{convert|4000000|acre|km2}} extending from eastern Washington to Montana; these tribes primarily located their villages and camps near food gathering or processing sites.<ref name=CDAppl/><ref name=essay/> The camps featured [[wigwam|conical lodges]] constructed from poles and mats sewn from [[tule]] or animal hides.<ref name=CDAppl/> The Coeur d'Alene people were [[hunter-gatherer]]s who practiced [[Subsistence economy|subsistence]] hunting of wild game and fishing during the [[salmon run]]s, and then foraging for berries and other edibles along the shores of the region's numerous lakes and rivers.<ref name=CDAppl/><ref name=essay/> The introduction of the horse c. 1760 made hunting and transportation more efficient.<ref name=CDAppl/><ref name=essay/>

===1800s===
The area was extensively explored by fur trader [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]] of the [[North West Company]] starting in 1807 and in 1809 he established the [[Kullyspell House]] trading post on [[Lake Pend Oreille]].<ref name=VII/>{{efn|Lewis and Clark noted the likely first contact between the Coeur d'Alene people and European Americans in a trade encounter at a [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]] camp on their [[Lewis and Clark Expedition|expedition]] in 1805; along with trade goods, the trappers unwittingly brought diseases that decimated the native population by about 80 percent.<ref name=CDAppl/>}} Thompson, who usually used native names to describe the places and people he came across, ascribed the name of 'Pointed Hearts' to one of the tribes he traded with and "Pointed Heart Lake" for the lake they lived near.<ref name=VII/> Since Thompson traveled with French-speaking [[Iroquois]] guides and scouts, it has been speculated that they may have been the first to refer to the tribe as the Coeur d'Alene.<ref name=CDAppl/><ref name=essay/> As French was the spoken language of the [[Voyageurs|Canadian fur traders]], it is likely that "pointed heart" has its origins in the French transliteration of ''Cœur'' or "heart", ''d{{'}}'' or "in the middle of" and ''Alêne'' or "awl", meaning the tribal traders had hearts as sharp as the tip of an [[Stitching awl|awl]] – or that they were sharp businessmen.<ref name=VII/><ref name=essay>{{cite web| last=Frey| first=Rodney| title=Coeur d'Alene (Schitsu'umsh)| publisher=University of Washington| url=http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/frey.html| others=American Indians of the Pacific Northwest collection, [[University of Washington Libraries]]| access-date=July 17, 2013}}</ref>

The [[Oregon boundary dispute]] (or Oregon question) arose as a result of competing British and American claims to the Pacific Northwest of North America in the first half of the 19th century. The British had trading ties extending from Canada and had started settlements at [[Fort Vancouver]] and at [[Fort Astoria]] on the Pacific coast near the mouth of the [[Columbia River]]. The [[Oregon Treaty]] of 1846 ended the disputed joint occupation of the area in present-day Idaho when Britain ceded all rights to land south of the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]] to the United States.<ref>Walker (1999), p. 60</ref>

In another territorial dispute, the U.S. government through [[Washington Territory]] Governor [[Isaac Stevens]] began to negotiate treaties that would begin to move the various tribes of the region onto reservation lands to make way for American settlement.<ref name=Dahlgrenp3>Dahlgren et al. (2009), p. 3</ref> This angered the Coeur d'Alene, as several treaty re-negotiations continually reduced their tribal lands.<ref name=Dahlgrenp3/> The tribe also perceived the planned construction a military [[covered wagon|wagon]] road as a precursor to a land-grab by the United States.<ref>Frey (2001), pp. 79–81</ref> These talks and increasing settler encroachment sparked [[Coeur d'Alene War|armed hostilities]] between the native Coeur d'Alene, [[Spokane people|Spokane]] and [[Palouse people|Palouse]] and the settler populations that resulted in an initial victory for the tribes at the [[Battle of Pine Creek|Battle of Steptoe Butte]] but were followed up with [[George Wright (general)|George Wright]]'s campaign that subdued the natives.<ref name=Dahlgrenp3/> The [[Coeur d'Alene Reservation]] is located in [[Benewah County, Idaho|Benewah]] and [[Kootenai County, Idaho|Kootenai]] counties south of Coeur d'Alene in communities focused around Worley and Plummer.<ref>Dahlgren et al. (2009), p. 17</ref> In 1859, with U.S. funding in place, Governor Stevens appointed [[John Mullan (road builder)|John Mullan]] to survey the interior of the Northwestern United States for possible railroad routes and oversee the construction of the {{convert|611|mi|adj=on}} [[Mullan Road]] that bears his name, from [[Fort Walla Walla]] on the Columbia River through the Rocky Mountains to [[Fort Benton, Montana|Fort Benton]] on the [[Missouri River]].<ref name=Mullan>{{cite web|last=Johnson |first=Randall A. |title=The Mullan Road: A Real Northwest Passage |publisher=HistoryLink |others=''The Pacific Northwesterner'', Vol. 39, No. 2 (1995) |series=People's History collection |date=November 5, 2009 |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9202 |access-date=November 23, 2021}}</ref>

With the [[Gold mining in the United States#Idaho|discovery of gold in the western United States]] and the establishment of [[Idaho Territory]] in 1863, there was an increase in settlers to the region.<ref name=Singletary1>Singletary (2019), p. 1</ref> When General [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] was commander of the U.S. Army during the [[American Indian Wars|Indian Wars]] and following the defeat of General [[George Armstrong Custer]] at the [[Battle of Little Big Horn]], he erected several forts in the west.<ref name=Singletary1/> During a tour of the Inland Northwest on his way to [[Fort Walla Walla]] on the Mullan Road, he was impressed by the scenery of the area and ordered a fort constructed on the lake in 1877 and gave it the name Fort Coeur d'Alene.<ref name=Singletary1/> The fort which gave the city its name was established in 1878 and the name of the fort was later changed to [[Fort Sherman (Idaho)|Fort Sherman]] to honor the general.<ref name=Singletary1/>

[[File:Pier in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho (circa 1908).jpg|thumb|The ''Idaho'' docked at the Electric Dock, c. 1908]]

Miners and prospectors came to the region after gold and silver deposits were found in the Coeur d'Alene Mountains and the [[Northern Pacific Railroad]] came to the village in 1883.<ref>Singletary (2019), p. 11</ref> The village became the location where ore from the mining district was ferried and transferred to the rail lines from [[Steamboats on Lake Coeur d'Alene|steamboats]] that traveled down from the [[Coeur d'Alene River]] from the [[Old Mission State Park|Cataldo Mission]].<ref>Singletary (2019), p. 13</ref> The township was officially incorporated by petition on August 22, 1887.<ref name="Singletary 2019, p. 14">Singletary (2019), p. 14</ref>

In the 1890s, [[Coeur d'Alene miners' dispute|two significant miners' uprisings]] took place in the [[Silver Valley, Idaho|Coeur d'Alene Mining District]], where the workers struggled with high risk and low pay. In 1892, the union's discovery of a [[Labor spies|labor spy]] in their midst, in the person of [[Charlie Siringo]], a sometime cowboy and [[Pinkerton National Detective Agency|Pinkerton]] agent, resulted in [[Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892|a labor strike]] that developed into a shooting war between miners and the company in [[Burke Canyon]]. When the [[Mine Owners' Association|mine owners]] planned to reduce wages of some workers to offset increased operating costs, the miners declared a strike against the reduction of wages and the increase in work hours and demanded a "[[living wage]]"<ref>Langdon (1908), p. 12</ref> be paid to every man working underground – the common laborer as well as the skilled in a stand for [[industrial unionism]].<ref name="americanheritage.com">{{cite journal| last = Clark| first = Earl| title = Shoot-Out In Burke Canyon| journal = [[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]| volume = 22| issue = 5| date = August 1971| url = https://www.americanheritage.com/shoot-out-burke-canyon#1| access-date = October 14, 2020}}</ref> To restore order to the state of rebellion in [[Shoshone County, Idaho|Shoshone County]], Governor [[N. B. Willey]] declared [[martial law]] and sent federal troops to arrest and detain the union miners, but not before dozens of casualties including six deaths and the destruction of the Frisco Mill.<ref name="americanheritage.com" /> Six hundred miners were put into "[[Bullpen#Response to labor unrest .28United States.29|bullpen]]s" without any hearings or formal charges.<ref>Langdon (1908), p. 13</ref>

Labor disputes between some company mines and the union continued into the next decade. A similar [[Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899|labor confrontation in 1899]] took place after the union was launching an organizing drive of the few mines not yet fully unionized,<ref>Lukas (1997), p. 111</ref> where miners working in the [[Bunker Hill Mine and Smelting Complex|Bunker Hill and Sullivan mines]] were receiving fifty cents to a dollar less per day than other miners.<ref>Langdon (1908), p. 16</ref> With no success in the effort, on April 29, 250 union members seized a train in [[Burke, Idaho|Burke]] at gunpoint, according to the engineer, Levi "Al" Hutton.<ref>Schwantes (1996), p. 320</ref> At each stop through Burke Canyon, more miners climbed aboard what was dubbed the "Dynamite Express" toward the site of the $250,000 Bunker Hill mine near [[Wardner, Idaho|Wardner]]; the miners then carried 3,000 pounds (1,400&nbsp;kg) of dynamite into the mill and completely destroyed it.<ref>Carlson (1983), pp. 53–54</ref> The crowd also burned down the company office, the boarding house, and the home of the mine manager. Like in the 1892 strike, martial law was declared by Governor [[Frank Steunenberg]] and wholesale arrests and mass incarcerations were done to bring back order.<ref name="americanheritage.com" /> [[Albert Horsley|Harry Orchard]], who owned a share of the [[Hercules silver mine|Hercules Mine]] at one point and played a significant role in the [[Colorado Labor Wars]], returned to Idaho to [[Frank_Steunenberg#Assassination|assassinate former governor Steunenberg]] in 1905.<ref>Carlson (1983), pp. 91–92, p. 119</ref> The bombing assassination led to a nationally publicized trial in [[Boise, Idaho|Boise]].<ref name="americanheritage.com" />

After a U.S. Geological Survey done in the 1890s, it became widely known that there were large quantities of [[Western white pine|white pine]], a highly prized [[softwood]], in the Coeur d'Alene Mountains.<ref name="Singletary27">Singletary (2019), p. 27</ref> The [[lumber industry]] from the eastern US began to inventory the timberlands, acquire land, and invest in facilities across much of northern Idaho.<ref name="Singletary27" /> This was welcome relief to the town of Coeur d'Alene, which had been reeling from the [[Panic of 1893]], a flood in 1894, and the closure of Fort Sherman.<ref name="Singletary27" />{{efn|The U.S. government decided to close Fort Sherman and build [[Fort George Wright]] in Spokane in part due to the persistent flooding of the banks on Lake Coeur d'Alene.<ref>Singletary (2019), p. 21</ref>}}

===1900s===
[[File:Sherman Street, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, ca 1908 (AL+CA 1520).jpg|thumb|alt=Sherman Avenue c. 1908|Sherman Avenue c. 1908]]The city experienced significant growth from the timber boom and the development of the railroads, steamboats, and tourism that accompanied it; Coeur d'Alene incorporated as a city on September 4, 1906, and by 1908 it had become the county seat.<ref>Singletary (2019), pp. 35–38</ref> From 1900 to 1915, there were hundreds of homes constructed across 70 newly platted additions.<ref>Singletary (2019), p. 49</ref> With the advent of the automobile and the internal combustion engine, trucks and chainsaws, the felling and transporting of trees became more productive and efficient and lumber production reached its height in the late 1910s and 1920s; in 1925 there were seven lumber mills operating in the area and they were producing 500 million board feet of lumber.<ref>Singletary (2019), p. 79, p. 93</ref>

After the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|1929 stock market crash]] and during the [[Great Depression]], the lumber industry demand began to wane and by the mid-1930s about half the woodworkers in North Idaho were laid off and the surviving mills were producing only 160 million board feet of lumber per year.<ref>Singletary (2019), p. 93</ref> Although it was a tough time, accomplishments during the Depression years included the establishment of Coeur d'Alene Junior College (North Idaho College) in 1933, the construction of Northwest Boulevard through the [[Works Progress Administration]] program in 1937, and the building of the popular Playfair Pier amusement park on the lake in the early 1940s.<ref>Singletary (2019), pp. 99–104</ref> The Playfair Pier opened on July 4, 1942 (and existed until 1974) in City Park and included a variety of rides and attractions such as a miniature roller coaster, a Ferris wheel, a carousel, and some of the usual [[carnival game]]s.<ref>Singletary (2019), p. 99</ref> Coeur d'Alene benefited from its proximity to the [[Farragut Naval Training Station]], established in 1942 on the south end of [[Lake Pend Oreille]], which employed 22,000 people and needed 98 million board feet of lumber to build 650 buildings.<ref>Singletary (2019), p. 113</ref>

Due to the scenic lake, tourism has always been a factor in the local economy. In the early 1900s, it had become popular in Spokane to travel and picnic in the park, shop in town, and take steamboat cruises on the lake and up the [[Saint Joe River]].<ref name=Singletary27/> Coeur d'Alene had also received national publicity in magazines, where it had been called a "wonderland" and "the [[Lucerne]] of America".<ref>Singletary (2019), p. 27, pp. 31–32</ref> However, tourism began to become a mainstay of the economy with the completion of highway infrastructure projects in the 1950s and 1960s, and the Coeur d'Alene Chamber of Commerce began to promote the city as a tourist destination as well.<ref>Singletary (2019), pp. 137–138</ref> As tourism increased, there was more demand for lodging facilities, convention space, restaurants, and cultural activities. By 1976, the city had over 30 motels with about 1,500 rooms.<ref>Singletary (2019), p. 141</ref> On June 14, 1958, the city hosted the first Diamond Cup Hydroplane race, which was one of the largest events in its history and garnered national publicity and media coverage.<ref name="Singletary p. 147">Singletary (2019), p. 147</ref> The event was attended by 30,000 people, and it was considered a success by the Diamond Cup organizers. The race was held at Lake Coeur d'Alene for the next eight years; it was discontinued due to persistent difficulties in raising funds for the event.<ref name="Singletary p. 147"/>

After decades of heavy reliance on logging, in the 1980s, the city featured a more balanced economy with manufacturing, retail, and service sectors.<ref>Singletary (2019), p. 173</ref> Tourism has taken on even more prominence and has become one of the main drivers of the local economy since the start of the 1980s, when there was new investment into recreational tourism in the area. In 1982, a $2 million Wild Waters aquatic theme park was built, and in the spring of 1986 there was the opening of the $60 million (${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|60000000|1986}}}} in {{inflation-year|US}} dollars), 18-story Coeur d'alene Resort.<ref name =Singletary176>Singletary (2019), p. 176</ref> The waterfront resort featured a well-manicured frontage and a publicly accessible floating [[boardwalk (entertainment district)|boardwalk]] that gave visitors the impression of a park-like environment and attracted the attention of publications nationwide.<ref name=Singletary176/><ref>{{cite web|last = Egan|first = Timothy| title = NATIONAL NOTEBOOK: Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; Wilderness Luxury|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = September 21, 1986|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/21/realestate/national-notebook-coeur-d-alene-idaho-wilderness-luxury.html|access-date = August 8, 2020}}</ref> The actions of the [[Aryan Nations]], a [[white supremacy|white supremacist]] group founded by [[Richard Butler (white supremacist)|Richard Butler]] in 1974, also attracted media attention.<ref name=CSM>{{cite web|last = Struck|first = Doug|title = The Idaho town that stared down hate – and won|work = [[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date = August 31, 2017|url = https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2017/0831/The-Idaho-town-that-stared-down-hate-and-won|access-date = August 8, 2020}}</ref> Butler's acolytes, many of whom were transplants like him, were linked to several robberies, murders, and three bombings, including the bombing of a ''Spokesman-Review'' office.<ref name=Glionna/><ref name=CSM/> In 1986, Coeur d'Alene was presented the [[Raoul Wallenberg Award]] for its stand in peacefully countering the message of the white supremacists that moved into the area.<ref>{{cite web|last = Verhovek|first = Sam Howe|title = PUBLIC LIVES; In a Verdict, a Sign That His Town Is No Haven for Hate|newspaper = The New York Times|date = September 9, 2000|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/09/us/public-lives-in-a-verdict-a-sign-that-his-town-is-no-haven-for-hate.html|access-date = September 19, 2020}}</ref><ref name=CSM/> Coeur d'Alene also won the [[All-America City Award]] in 1990.<ref>Singletary (2019), p. 194</ref> The Aryan Nations went bankrupt and ceased operations in 2000 when the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] filed a lawsuit after the assault of a Native American woman. The lawsuit resulted in a $6.3 million judgment and the closure of their Hayden compound.<ref name=CSM/>

[[File:Roosevelt Inn New Building Photo Small.jpg|thumb|alt=The Roosevelt School was built in 1905 and became The Roosevelt Inn in 1994|The Roosevelt School was built in 1905 and became [[The Roosevelt Inn]] in 1994.]]
In the 1990s, the Coeur d'Alene area starting experiencing substantial population growth; many of these initial transplants came from California, citing earthquakes, crime, and overcrowding as reasons for their move.<ref name=Glionna>{{cite web|last = Glionna|first = John M.|title = Welcome to the Potato State—Now Go Home : Idaho: Californians fleeing big-city problems have been met with resentment by their new neighbors.|newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]]|date = August 8, 1994|url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-08-mn-24975-story.html|access-date = August 8, 2020}}</ref> This northward migration coincided with watershed events such as the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]] and the [[1994 Northridge earthquake]].<ref name=HCN/> The surrounding area got increased tourist attention when [[Silverwood Theme Park]], which opened in 1988 on an airstrip with an authentic [[steam train]] and carnival rides, installed the [[Corkscrew (Silverwood)|Corkscrew]] [[roller coaster]] in 1990 that it purchased from [[Knott's Berry Farm]].<ref name=Erickson>{{cite web|last = Erickson|first = Keith|title = On a roll at Silverwood|newspaper = [[Spokane Journal of Business]]|date = May 10, 2018|url = https://www.spokanejournal.com/local-news/on-a-roll-at-silverwood/|access-date = January 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last = Dubin|first = Zan|title = Venerable Corkscrew: End of a Long Ride: Before Knott's Historic Roller Coaster Is Carted Off to Idaho Park, Many Pause to Attest to Its Thrills|newspaper = Los Angeles Times|date = September 17, 1989|url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-17-ca-552-story.html|access-date = January 9, 2021}}</ref> Additional rides such as the [[Timber Terror]] and [[Tremors (roller coaster)|Tremors]] roller coasters in the 1990s and the {{convert|20|acre|km2|adj=on}} Boulder Beach [[water park]] in 2003 made Silverwood into a regional theme park, which attracts visitors primarily from the Spokane, [[Tri-Cities, Washington|Tri-Cities]], and Seattle areas of Washington as well as some from the Canadian provinces of [[British Columbia]] and [[Alberta]].<ref name=Erickson/>

===2000s===
In 2014, McEuen Park on the downtown waterfront reopened to the public after undergoing a major $20 million renovation that transformed it from a park with baseball diamonds into a multi-use park with a variety of athletic facilities, a playground, and a dog park.<ref name="Maben" /> The state of Idaho is the fastest-growing state in the country and according to Census Bureau data in 2018, the city and county were among the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the nation with a net migration of about 3,200 residents from 2015 to 2016.<ref name="Inlander">{{cite web| last = Criscione| first = Wilson| title = In North Idaho, leaders brace for rapid population growth| newspaper = [[Inlander (newspaper)|Inlander]]| date = January 11, 2018| url = https://www.inlander.com/spokane/in-north-idaho-leaders-brace-for-rapid-population-growth/Content?oid=7619376| access-date = August 8, 2020}}</ref> The newest transplants are still mainly from other western states and are moving for economic as well as political reasons, seeking a lower cost of living, more affordable housing, an outdoor lifestyle, and a place that is more conservative.<ref name="Inlander" />

In June 2020, during [[George Floyd protests]], armed civilians patrolled the streets of downtown Coeur d'Alene, citing a desire to protect businesses from potential looting.  No violent incidents occurred.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blanchard |first=Nicole |title=Armed residents patrol Coeur d'Alene as George Floyd protests continue across U.S. |url=https://www.idahostatesman.com/news/local/community/cda/article243264501.html |access-date=October 17, 2024 |work=Idaho Statesman |date=June 3, 2020}}</ref>