Editing Cluj-Napoca (section)

==Etymology==

===Napoca===
On the site of the city was a [[List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia|pre-Roman settlement]] named ''Napoca''. After the AD 106 [[Roman Dacia|Roman conquest of the area]], the place was known as ''Municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napoca''. Possible etymologies for ''Napoca'' or ''Napuca'' include the names of some [[Dacian tribes]] such as the ''Naparis'' or ''Napaei'', the Greek term ''napos'' (νάπος), meaning "timbered valley" or the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European root]] ''*snā-p-'' ([[Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch|Pokorny]] 971–972), "to flow, to swim, damp".<ref>Lukács 2005, p.14</ref>

===Cluj===
[[File:Tiperit en Klus.JPG|thumb|Romanian inscription of a religious book: "Printed in Klus in the year of our Lord 1703" (translated).]]

The first written mention of the city's current name – as a Royal Borough – was in 1213 under the [[Medieval Latin]] name ''Castrum Clus''.<ref name="Clujeanet-2">{{Cite web |title=O istorie inedită a Clujului – Cetatea coloniștilor sași |url=http://clujnet.com/romana/001_cluj_napoca/istorie/03-colonistii_sasi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130171551/http://clujnet.com/romana/001_cluj_napoca/istorie/03-colonistii_sasi.htm |archive-date=30 January 2008 |access-date=2008-03-16 |publisher=ClujNet.com |language=ro}}</ref> Despite the fact that ''Clus'' as a county name was recorded in the 1173 document ''Thomas comes Clusiensis'',<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.32 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval)</ref> it is believed that the county's designation derives from the name of the ''[[castrum]]'', which might have existed prior to its first mention in 1213, and not vice versa.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> With respect to the name of this camp, there are several hypotheses about its origin. It may represent a derivation from the [[Latin]] term ''clausa&nbsp;–&nbsp;clusa'', meaning "closed place", "strait", "ravine".<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> Similar meanings are attributed to the [[Slavic languages|Slavic term]] ''kluč'', meaning "a [[Spring (hydrology)|key]]"<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> and the German ''Klause&nbsp;–&nbsp;Kluse'' (meaning "mountain pass" or "[[weir]]").<ref name="Gaal-2000">{{Cite web |last=Gaal |first=György |date=19 July 2000 |title=Kolozsvári kronológia – Kolozsvár kétezer esztendeje dátumokban |url=http://www.szabadsag.ro/archivum/2000/0sep-19.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207090923/http://www.szabadsag.ro/archivum/2000/0sep-19.htm |archive-date=7 December 2008 |access-date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Szabadság |language=hu}}</ref> The Latin and Slavic names have been attributed to the valley that narrows or closes between hills just to the west of [[Mănăștur|Cluj-Mănăștur]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> An alternative proposal relates the name of the city to its first magistrate, ''Miklus''&nbsp;–&nbsp;''Miklós'' / ''Kolos''.<ref name="Gaal-2000"/>

The [[Hungarian language|Hungarian form]] ''Kolozsvár'', first recorded in 1246 as ''Kulusuar'', underwent various [[phonetic change]]s over the years (''uar'' / ''vár'' means "castle" in Hungarian); the variant ''Koloswar'' first appears in a document from 1332.<ref name="Asztalos-2003">{{Cite web |last=Asztalos |first=Lajos |date=4 August 2003 |title=Kolozsvár neve |url=http://www.szabadsag.ro/archivum/2003/08/3aug-04.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207090427/http://www.szabadsag.ro/archivum/2003/08/3aug-04.htm |archive-date=7 December 2008 |access-date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Szabadság |language=hu}}</ref> Its [[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxon]] name ''Clusenburg''/''Clusenbvrg'' appeared in 1348, but from 1408 the form ''Clausenburg'' was used.<ref name="Asztalos-2003"/> The [[Romanian language|Romanian name]] of the city used to be spelled alternately as ''Cluj'' or ''Cluș'',<ref name="Szabó-2007">{{Cite web |last=Szabó |first=Attila m. |title=Dicționar de localități din Transilvania |url=http://dictionar.referinte.transindex.ro/index.php3?action=betu&betu=k&kezd=60&co=nemet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822094410/http://dictionar.referinte.transindex.ro/index.php3?action=betu&betu=k&kezd=60&co=nemet |archive-date=22 August 2010 |access-date=2008-03-15 |language=ro}}</ref> the latter being the case in [[Mihai Eminescu]]'s ''Poesis''.

Other historical names for the city, all related to or derived from "Cluj" in different languages, include [[Latin language|Latin]] ''Claudiopolis'', [[Italian language|Italian]] ''Clausemburgo'',<ref>''Le Vie d'Italia'', vol. 46/1940, issues 7-12, p. 1172</ref> [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ''Kaloşvar''<ref>Gönül Pultar, ''Kimlikler lütfen: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde kültürel kimlik arayışı ve temsili'', p. 62. Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık, 2009, {{ISBN|978-994-434478-4}}</ref> and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] קלויזנבורג ''Kloyznburg'' or קלאזין ''Klazin''.<ref name="Szabó-2007"/>

===Current official name===
Napoca, the pre-Roman and Roman name of ancient settlements in the area of the modern city, was added to the historical and modern name of Cluj during [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s national-communist dictatorship as part of his myth-making efforts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pippidi |first=Andrei |author-link=Andrei Pippidi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olpKYhgrS48C&pg=PA466 |title=Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe: Legacies and Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |year=2006 |isbn=9781571816412 |editor-last=Jerzy W. Borejsza |page=466 |chapter=Historical Memory and Legislative Changes in Romania |access-date=14 October 2021 |editor-last2=Klaus Ziemer}}</ref> This happened in 1974, when the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist authorities]] made this nationalist gesture with the goal of emphasising the city's pre-Roman roots.<ref>{{Cite book |last=George W. White |title=Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory, and Scale |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=1999 |isbn=0-8476-8467-9 |editor-last=Herb |editor-first=Guntram Henrik |page=275 |chapter=Transylvania: Hungarian, Romanian, or Neither? |access-date=2021-10-15 |editor-last2=David H. Kaplan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikVCJQIJsNoC&pg=PA275}}</ref><ref name="National Institute of Statistics">{{Cite web |title=Cluj-Napoca. Istoric |url=http://www.clujonline.com/ro/istoric.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219101645/http://www.clujonline.com/ro/istoric.htm |archive-date=19 February 2020 |access-date=2008-03-14 |publisher=Clujonline.com |language=ro}}</ref> The full name of "Cluj-Napoca" is rarely used outside of official contexts.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.xxi</ref>

===Nickname===
The nickname "treasure city" was acquired in the late 16th century, and refers to the wealth amassed by residents, including in the precious metals trade.<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.39 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval)</ref> The phrase is ''kincses város'' in Hungarian,<ref name="UFI-2004"/><ref>{{Citation |last=Bunta |first=Magda |title=A kolozsvári ötvöscég középkori pecsétje |work=Folia Archaeologica |pages=151–154 |year=1970 |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/07500/07523/07523.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016230902/http://mek.oszk.hu/07500/07523/07523.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-16 |url-status=live |language=hu}}</ref> given in Romanian as ''orașul comoară''.<ref name="Clujeanul-2007"/>