Editing Closed-circuit television (section)

== History ==
[[File:THE CENTRAL POLICE CONTROL STATION, MANNED 24 HOURS A DAY CONTROLS ALL TRAFFIC LIGHTS, RECEIVES REMOTE TV INPUTS FROM... - NARA - 551905.tif|thumb|CCTV monitoring at the Central Police Control Station, Munich, Germany, in 1973]]
[[File:Cameratoezichtcentrale politie nederland.jpg|thumb|Desk in one of the regional control-rooms of the National Police in the Netherlands in 2017]]
[[File:CCTV control room monitor wall.jpg|thumb|CCTV control-room monitor wall for 176 open-street cameras in 2017]]
An early [[Mechanical television|mechanical]] CCTV system was developed in June 1927 by Russian physicist [[Leon Theremin]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Theremin: ether music and espionage|last=Glinsky, Albert.|date=2000|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=0252025822|location=Urbana|pages=46–47|oclc=43286443}}</ref> Originally requested by CTO (the Soviet [[Council of Labor and Defense]]), the system consisted of a manually-operated scanning-transmitting camera and wireless shortwave transmitter and receiver, with a resolution of a hundred lines. Having been commandeered by [[Kliment Voroshilov]], Theremin's CCTV system was demonstrated to [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Semyon Budyonny]], and [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]], and subsequently installed in the courtyard of the [[Moscow Kremlin]] to monitor approaching visitors.<ref name=":0" />

Another early CCTV system was installed by [[Siemens|Siemens AG]] at [[Test Stand VII]] in [[Peenemünde]], Nazi Germany, in 1942, for observing the launch of [[V-2 rocket]]s.<ref name="dornberger">[[Walter Dornberger|Dornberger, Walter]]: ''V-2'', [[Ballantine Books]] 1954, ASIN: B000P6L1ES, page 14.</ref>

In the United States, the first commercial closed-circuit television system became available in 1949 from [[Remington Rand]] and designed by [[CBS Laboratories]], called "Vericon".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/pdf/nyt_8-16-50_agreement_is_seen_to_spur_color_tv.pdf|title=Agreement Seen Spur to Color TV|date=August 16, 1950|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Vericon was advertised as not requiring a government permit due to the system using cabled connections between camera and monitor rather than over-the-air transmission.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pCQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA179 '' "Television Rides Wires" '', February 1949, Popular Science] small article, bottom of page 179</ref>

=== Technology ===
The earliest video surveillance systems involved constant monitoring because there was no way to record and store information. The development of [[Reel-to-reel audio tape recording|reel-to-reel]] media enabled the recording of surveillance footage. These systems required magnetic tapes to be changed manually, with the operator having to manually thread the tape from the tape reel through the recorder onto a take-up reel. Due to these shortcomings, video surveillance was not widespread.<ref name=":2" />

Later, [[videocassette recorder]] technology became available in the 1970s, making it easier to record and erase information, and the use of video surveillance became more common.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaQY8CrmqFcC&pg=PA276 |title=CCTV Surveillance|isbn=9780080468181|last1=Kruegle|first1=Herman|date=15 March 2011|publisher=Elsevier }}</ref> During the 1990s, digital [[multiplexing]] was developed, allowing several cameras to record at once, as well as [[Time lapse photography|time lapse]] and motion-only recording. This saved time and money which then led to an increase in the use of CCTV.<ref name="wecusurveillance.com"/> Recently, CCTV technology has been shifting towards Internet-based products and systems, and other technological developments.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://fennoturvapalvelut.com/ | title=Internet based CCTV on cloud services|language=fi|date=27 March 2015|publisher=fennoturvapalvelut}}</ref>

=== Application ===
Early CCTV systems were installed in central London by the Metropolitan Police between 1960 and 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://professionalsecurity.co.uk/news/case-studies/polices-1960s-cctv-experiments-part-1/ |title=Police's 1960s CCTV experiments, part 1 |website=Professional Security Magazine Online |date=2023}}</ref> By 1963, CCTV was being used in Munich to monitor traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://professionalsecurity.co.uk/news/case-studies/polices-1960s-cctv-experiments-part-2/ |title=Police's 1960s CCTV experiments, part 2 |website=Professional Security Magazine Online |date=2023 |last1=Rowe |first1=Mark }}</ref> Closed-circuit television was used as a form of [[pay-per-view]] [[theatre television]] for sports such as [[professional boxing]] and [[professional wrestling]], and from 1964 through 1970, the [[Indianapolis 500]] automobile race. Boxing telecasts were broadcast live to a select number of venues, mostly theaters, with arenas, stadiums, schools, and convention centres also being less often used venues, where viewers paid for tickets to watch the fight live.<ref name="Ezra">{{cite book|last=Ezra|first=Michael|title=The Economic Civil Rights Movement: African Americans and the Struggle for Economic Power|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781136274756|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DL41bsCigZcC&pg=PA105|language=en}}</ref><ref name="bloodyelbow">{{cite news|title=History of Prizefighting's Biggest Money Fights|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2017/8/24/16170894/history-of-prizefightings-biggest-money-fights-boxing-mma-ufc|work=[[Bloody Elbow]]|agency=[[SB Nation]]|date=24 August 2017}}</ref> The first fight with a closed-circuit telecast was [[Joe Louis]] vs. [[Jersey Joe Walcott|Joe Walcott]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite book|title=Television|date=1965|publisher=Frederick A. Kugel Company|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=it0aAQAAMAAJ&q=Louis+Walcott|language=en|quote=Teleprompter's main-spring, Irving B. Kahn (he's chairman of the board and president), had a taste of closed circuit operations as early as 1948. That summer, Kahn, then a vice president of 20th Century-Fox, negotiated what was probably the first inter-city closed circuit telecast in history, a pickup of the Joe Louis-Joe Walcott fight.}}</ref>

Closed-circuit telecasts peaked in popularity with [[Muhammad Ali]] in the 1960s and 1970s,<ref name="Ezra" /><ref name="bloodyelbow" /> with "[[The Rumble in the Jungle]]" fight drawing 50{{nbsp}}million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1974,<ref>{{cite news|title=Zaire's fight promotion opens new gold mines|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/28336306/|work=[[The Morning Herald]]|date=18 November 1974|language=en}}</ref> and the "[[Thrilla in Manila]]" drawing 100{{nbsp}}million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1975.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Karriem Allah|journal=[[Black Belt (magazine)|Black Belt]]|date=1976|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|language=en}}</ref> In 1985, the [[WrestleMania I]] professional wrestling show was seen by over one million viewers with this scheme.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wrestlemania In Photographs: 1-10|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/wrestlemania-in-photographs-1-10|work=Sportskeeda|date=1 April 2017}}</ref> As late as 1996, the [[Julio César Chávez vs. Oscar De La Hoya]] boxing fight had 750,000 viewers.<ref>[https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/06/07/chavez-de-la-hoya-fight-is-a-bout-about-contrasts/ Chavez-De La Hoya Fight Is A Bout About Contrasts], Chicago Tribune article, 1996-06-07, Retrieved on 2015-02-23</ref> Although closed-circuit television was gradually replaced by [[pay-per-view]] home [[cable television]] in the 1980s and 1990s, it is still in use today for most awards shows and other events that are transmitted live to most venues but do not air as such on network television, and later re-edited for broadcast.<ref name="bloodyelbow" />

In September 1968, [[Olean, New York]], was the first city in the United States to install CCTV video cameras along its main business street in an effort to fight crime.<ref name="Robb, Gary C. 1979 pg. 571-602">[Robb, Gary C. (1979) "Police Use of CCTV Surveillance: Constitutional Implications and Proposed Regulations" University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform. pg. 572]</ref> [[Marie Van Brittan Brown and Albert L. Brown|Marie Van Brittan Brown]] received a patent for the design of a CCTV-based home security system in 1969. (''{{US patent|3482037}}''). Another early appearance was in 1973 in [[Times Square]] in [[New York City]].<ref name="Yesil, Bilge">[Yesil, Bilge. (2006) "Watching Ourselves" Cultural Studies. Vol 20(4-5) pp. 400-416]</ref> The NYPD installed it to deter crime in the area; however, crime rates did not appear to drop much due to the cameras.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge" /> Nevertheless, during the 1980s, video surveillance began to spread across the country specifically targeting public areas.<ref name="wecusurveillance.com">Roberts, Lucy. "[http://www.wecusurveillance.com/cctvhistory History of Video Surveillance and CCTV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221172303/http://www.wecusurveillance.com/cctvhistory |date=21 December 2019 }}" We C U Surveillance Retrieved 2011-10-20</ref> It was seen as a cheaper way to deter crime compared to increasing the size of the police departments.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge" /> Some businesses as well, especially those that were prone to theft, began to use video surveillance.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge" /> From the mid-1990s on, police departments across the country installed an increasing number of cameras in various public spaces including housing projects, schools, and public parks.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge" /> CCTV later became common in banks and stores to discourage theft by recording evidence of criminal activity. In 1997, 3,100 CCTV systems were installed in public housing and residential areas in New York City.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/publications/nyclu_pub_whos_watching.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/publications/nyclu_pub_whos_watching.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Who's Watching? Video Camera Surveillance in New York City and the Need for Public Oversight|year=2006|pages=5|access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref>

Experiments in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s, including outdoor CCTV in [[Bournemouth]] in 1985, led to several larger trial programs later that decade. The first use by local government was in [[King's Lynn]], Norfolk, in 1987.<ref name=wndc>{{cite web|url=http://www.west-norfolk.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=21697|title=CCTV|last=Staff|date=August 2007|publisher=Borough Council of King's Lynn & West Norfolk|access-date=2008-12-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523184010/http://www.west-norfolk.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=21697|archive-date=23 May 2009}}</ref>