Editing Clifton, Virginia (section)

==History==

===Colonial era===
Before the arrival of European settlers, the present-day Clifton area was part of the hunting grounds used by [[Algonquin language|Algonquin]]-speaking members of the [[Doeg tribe|Dogue tribe]]. The Dogue lived in villages and towns along the [[Potomac River]] and nearby Occoquan River. They carved bowls out of [[soapstone]] found in the area.<ref>Michael F. Johnson, ''American Indian Life in Fairfax County 10,000 B.B. to A.D. 1650'', Heritage Resources Information Series: Number 3, Office of Comprehensive Planning, Fairfax County, Virginia</ref>

European settlers composed of [[Scottish Americans|Scots]] merchants created the first nearby [[port]] settlement in the mid-1710s on the [[Potomac River]] near the present-day [[Dumfries, Virginia|Dumfries]]-[[Triangle, Virginia|Triangle]] area.<ref>Fairfax Harrison, ''Landmarks of Old Prince William,'' Volumes I & II, Gateway Press, Inc., Baltimore, 1987, pp. 371-396.</ref> Land in the Clifton area began to be settled in the early 18th century.<ref>Beth Mitchell, ''Beginning at a White Oak...Patents and Northern Neck Grants of Fairfax County,'' County of Fairfax, 1977.</ref>

===Civil War===
During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the [[United States Military Railroad]] Construction Corps built a railroad siding here on the [[Orange and Alexandria Railroad]] in order to supply the [[Union Army]] with timber for railroad ties, bridge trusses, and firewood. The siding was named after John Henry Devereux, superintendent of military railroads that terminated in [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]]. Wood from hundreds of acres was cut and hauled by wood choppers and teamsters, most of whom were [[contraband|escaped enslaved people]], and transported by train to Alexandria. The laborers risked capture by working outside protected Union lines.<ref name="novahistory.org">{{cite web |url=http://novahistory.org/DevereuxSiding/DevereuxSiding.htm |title=Northern Virginia History Notes |work=novahistory.org}}</ref><ref>Netherton, Nan and Wyckoff, Whitney Von Lake. ''Fairfax Station: All Aboard!'' 1995</ref>

In spring 1863, a [[Wye (rail)|wye]] was constructed at Devereux Siding to enable trains to turn around after the [[Union Army]] abandoned the Orange and Alexandria Railroad south of [[Bull Run (Occoquan River)|Bull Run]]. By June 1863 the entire railroad outside of the [[Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War|defenses of Washington]] was abandoned until the return of Major General [[George Meade]]'s [[Army of the Potomac]] following their successful [[Gettysburg Campaign]]. New York infantry regiments were stationed at the siding in order to protect wood station operations and the railroad from [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] attack.<ref name="novahistory.org"/><ref name="autogenerated1">Netherton, Nan. ''Clifton: Brigadoon in Virginia''. 1980</ref>

Devereux Siding was located between the station at Union Mills (near present-day [[Union Mill, Virginia|Union Mill]]) and Sangster's Station. Today, there are two neighborhoods outside of the town named after the Devereux and Sangster's stations. The Orange & Alexandria Railroad extended from Alexandria to [[Orange, Virginia]]. For a brief period near the close of the war, the siding became the sixth scheduled stop for passengers and freight and became known as "Devereux Station".<ref>Lynne Garvey-Hodge,''Images of America: Clifton,'' Arcadia Publishing, Charleston SC, 2009, p.34.</ref>

The O & A was the only railroad link between Alexandria and [[Richmond, Virginia]].<ref name="autogenerated1" />

William E. Beckwith, whose 1200 acre [[William E. Beckwith House|plantation]] included much of the land now incorporated as Clifton,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cliftonva.gov/index_49_1256504561.pdf |title=Invisible No Longer: African American Roots in Clifton 
 |last=Khosravi |first=Margo |date= |website=Town of Clifton |access-date=July 24, 2024}}</ref> bequeathed his land south of the railroad to his former slaves, some of whom were his children. Harriet Harris and the five children she had with William Harris were devised the land where the village of Clifton was initially developed. [[Harrison G. Otis]], a [[New York City|New York]] realtor, purchased a large tract of land north of the railroad from the Beckwith estate and a small lot of land south of the railroad from William Harris, where he constructed a saw mill and train depot. The depot opened in November 1868 and was named "Clifton Station". The next year, an official U.S. post office opened at the depot, and Otis built the historic Clifton Hotel.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://novahistory.org/CliftonFormation/CliftonFormation.html |title=Formation of the Village of Clifton, Fairfax County Virginia |first=Debbie |last=Robison |website=novahistory.org |access-date=February 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080509144906/http://www.hermitageinnrestaurant.com/historic.htm Historic Clifton Hotel]}}</ref> Harrison Otis and his brother J. Sanford Otis founded the Clifton Presbyterian Church, still in existence.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The station no longer exists, but the town of Clifton is still standing along what used to be the O & A Railroad, now a part of the [[Norfolk Southern Railway]].

William Harris divided a portion of his family's land adjacent to the railroad into ten lots that were offered for sale in 1869. Homes and businesses were constructed on the lots, including a general merchandise store located on the western side of Main Street adjacent to the railroad. Harris expanded the village by selling additional lots along Main Street in the mid-1870s. Harrison Otis and his business partner Margaret Hetzel subdivided land on the eastern side of Main Street for development and several lots were sold in the 1870s; however, this development was not as successful as planned due to Harrison Otis's reduced mental health and Margaret Hetzel's financial difficulties.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The village grew in the late 1800s when a number of homes and businesses were constructed, including additional merchandise stores and lumber yards.

===20th century===
The town was incorporated by the [[Virginia General Assembly|General Assembly]] on March 9, 1902. It is currently one of the three towns in Fairfax County.

During the 1900s, the town was nearly the same size as it is now. The first schoolhouse in Clifton was in Susan Reviere Hetzel's home on Pendleton Avenue. She was also one of the founders of the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]]. The school was later moved to the side-yard area of what would later become the home of Mayors Swem Elgin and Jim Chesley. In 1912 a new schoolhouse (built for K-12) was built overlooking the town; it stood until 1952. A new [[Elementary schools in the United States|elementary school]], Clifton Elementary, was built on the same site in 1953 and served the community until 2010. On March 9, 1930, the Clifton General Store caught fire, and a few months later a new [[general store]] was built in its place.

By the late 1960s, the town was in a state of decline. Many houses in the town were boarded up and abandoned. A number of new families and residents began much-needed [[gentrification]] of the town. Wayne Nickum, a former [[mayor]], worked to ensure the entire town was named to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1985. Some 63 Clifton buildings were added to the register at that time. Another resident, Jim Chesley, who would also serve as mayor of Clifton, worked tirelessly with national and state politicians and administrators to ensure the town maintained its historic integrity. In 1967, the town sponsored the first Clifton Day Festival as a way to attract the public to this historic town. This celebration continues each year as a town fair and music festival on the Sunday before [[Columbus Day]] in October.

One historical home in the town is attributed to a member of the Kincheloe family, located where Main Street, County Rd 645, becomes Kincheloe Road. Kincheloe Road continues to Old Yates Ford Road.<ref>Alexandria Drafting Company, Alexandria, VA. Regional Northern Virginia Map Book, based on 1980 data. Pages 5758, 5874.</ref> Daniel Kincheloe (1723-1785), whose grandfather immigrated from [[Ireland]], was a landowner near the town and along Popes Head Creek. He was a [[captain]] in the [[militia]] in the [[French and Indian Wars]] and provided [[beef]] and other supplies to the revolutionary army during the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. He is buried in the Wickliffe/Kincheloe cemetery that is now part of the [[Hemlock Overlook Regional Park]], adjacent to a park office. Among two wives, he had 11 children, including 7 sons.<ref>Kincheloe, John William, <u>This is Where He Walked: A Search for the First Land of the Kincheloe Family in America</u>. 1995.</ref> One of Daniel's descendants built the house in Clifton.

Towards the late 1970s and early 1980s suburban development was starting to edge near Clifton. Communities such as [[Burke Centre, Virginia|Burke Center]], with 5,500 homes, and Little Rocky Run, with 2,722 homes, were constructed, raising concerns that the new construction might ruin the beauty of the Clifton area. In the 1980s, Fairfax County government enacted an ordinance stipulating that only one building could be placed on {{convert|5|acre|m2|adj=on}} parcels that have not already been divided. Single-family homes were constructed in the southern and eastern parts of Clifton, while land to the north became [[equestrianism|equestrian]] areas.

[[Clifton Historic District (Clifton, Virginia)|The town was declared a National Historic District]] by the US Department of the Interior in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clifton-va.com/index.php/about-clifton |title=About Clifton |work=clifton-va.com |access-date=October 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315140533/http://clifton-va.com/index.php/about-clifton |archive-date=March 15, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The opening scenes of ''[[Broadcast News (film)|Broadcast News]]'' were filmed in Clifton in 1986.

Formation of the Occoquan Watershed in the 1970s limited development due to ecological concerns and required all houses in the area to have at least {{convert|5|acre|m2}} of land. This prevents nearly all development other than luxury single-family homes. In 2002, a new community was built on the edge of town called Frog Hill. Controversy arose about demolishing the abandoned Hetzel home on the corner of Chapel Road and Pendleton Avenue in 2006. The building and a replica home were finished in the winter of 2007.

===21st century===
In 2000, then-mayor Jim Chesley started a [[Labor Day]] antique [[Auto show|car show]] in Clifton sponsored by the Northern Virginia Custom Cruisers and Clifton Lions clubs to raise money for local charities. The ninth annual Labor Day Car Show in 2008 attracted more than 400 antique cars, an estimated two thousand visitors, and raised over $30,000. That year's featured charity was Life With Cancer, a Fairfax hospital-based program that provides family support and education. In the past five years alone, the event has raised nearly $120,000 for various local charities.

The Clifton Spring Homes Tour is run by the Clifton Community Women's Club and is held on the third Thursday in May. The 100-member General Federation of Women's Club group raises money for local charities via home tours, silent auction, boutique, and local women's art show and sale.

In 2020, the city made national headlines when a "[[Black Lives Matter]]" banner was hung in the town's Main Street. The banner was met with praise by many residents but condemnation by others including the wife of [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] Justice [[Clarence Thomas]] who saw it as justifying controversial aspects of the BLM movement.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/ginni-thomas-black-lives-matter-clifton/2020/07/09/c7b3bb98-c1f5-11ea-9fdd-b7ac6b051dc8_story.html |title=A small, mostly white Virginia town put up a 'Black Lives Matter' banner. Ginni Thomas denounced it. |date=July 10, 2020 |author1=Patricia Sullivan |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |place=Washington, D.C. |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=1330888409}}</ref> Her comments lead to media attention on the banner. The banner was stolen on July 20, 2020, and has not been found —despite a police investigation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/clifton-black-lives-matter-banner-stolen/2020/07/21/8d8827d0-cb99-11ea-91f1-28aca4d833a0_story.html |title=Vandals tear down 'Black Lives Matter' banner in small Virginia town |date=July 21, 2020 |author1=Patricia Sullivan |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |place=Washington, D.C. |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=1330888409}}</ref>