Editing Claudius Aelianus (section)

==''De Natura Animalium''==
''On the Nature of Animals'' (alternatively "On the Characteristics of Animals"; {{langx|grc|Περὶ ζῴων ἰδιότητος}}, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|Perì zṓōn idiótētos}}''; usually cited by its [[Latin]] title ''De Natura Animalium'') is a collection,<ref name="EB1911"/> in seventeen books, of brief stories of natural history.  Some are included for the moral lessons they convey; others because they are astonishing.{{Source needed|date=March 2025}}

{{Blockquote|The Beaver is an amphibious creature: by day it lives hidden in rivers, but at night it roams the land, feeding itself with anything that it can find. Now it understands the reason why hunters come after it with such eagerness and impetuosity, and it puts down its head and with its teeth cuts off its testicles and throws them in their path, as a prudent man who, falling into the hands of robbers, sacrifices all that he is carrying, to save his life, and forfeits his possessions by way of ransom. If however it has already saved its life by self-castration and is again pursued, then it stands up and reveals that it offers no ground for their eager pursuit, and releases the hunters from all further exertions, for they esteem its flesh less. Often however Beavers with testicles intact, after escaping as far away as possible, have drawn in the coveted part, and with great skill and ingenuity tricked their pursuers, pretending that they no longer possessed what they were keeping in concealment.|source=}}

The [[Loeb Classical Library]] introduction characterizes the book as "an appealing collection of facts and fables about the animal kingdom that invites the reader to ponder contrasts between human and animal behavior".{{Source needed|date=March 2025}}

Aelian's anecdotes on animals rarely depend on direct observation: they are almost entirely taken from written sources, not only [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Theopompus]], and [[Lycus of Rhegium]], but also other authors and works now lost, to whom he is thus a valuable witness.<ref>The third volume of the Loeb Classical Library translation gives a gazetteer of authors cited by Aelian.</ref> He is more attentive to marine life than might be expected,{{According to whom|date=February 2016}} though, and this seems to reflect first-hand personal interest; he often quotes "fishermen". At times he strikes the modern reader as thoroughly credulous, but at others he specifically states that he is merely reporting what is told by others, and even that he does not believe them. Aelian's work is one of the sources of medieval natural history and of the [[Bestiary|bestiaries]] of the Middle Ages.<ref name="Cohen2008">{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Simona |title=Animals as Disguised Symbols in Renaissance Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOZVPjSTznwC&pg=PA39 |year=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-17101-5 |pages=38–39}}</ref>

The surviving portions of the text are badly mangled and garbled and replete with later interpolations.<ref>"Aelian's text, riddled as it is with corrupt passages and packed with interpretations,provides ample scope for reckless emendation", D. E. Eichholz observed, reviewing Sholfield's Loeb Library translation in ''The Classical Review'' 1960:219, and praising the translator for restraint in this direction.</ref> [[Conrad Gessner]] (or Gesner), the Swiss scientist and natural historian of the Renaissance, made a Latin translation of Aelian's work, to give it a wider European audience. An English translation by A. F. Scholfield has been published in the [[Loeb Classical Library]], 3 vols. (1958-59).{{Source needed|date=March 2025}}