Editing Claremont, New Hampshire (section)

==History==
===Pre-colonial native populations===

The [[Connecticut River#Pre-1614: American Indian populations|Upper Connecticut River Valley]] was home to the [[Pennacook]] and Western [[Abenaki]] ([[Sokoki]]) peoples, later merging with members of other [[Algonquin people|Algonquin]] tribes displaced by the wars and famines that accompanied the European settling of the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tolatsga.org/aben.html |title=Abenaki History |publisher=tolatsga.org |access-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref> The [[Hunter Archeological Site]], located near the bridge connecting Claremont with [[Ascutney, Vermont]], is a significant prehistoric Native American site that includes seven levels of occupational evidence, including evidence of at least three [[Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America|longhouses]]. The oldest dates recorded from evidence gathered during excavations in 1967 were to 1300 [[Common Era|CE]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Starbuck |first=David |title=The Archeology of New Hampshire |publisher=University of New Hampshire Press |location=Durham, NH |year=2006 |isbn=9781584655626 |page=[https://archive.org/details/archeologyofnewh00star/page/89 89] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/archeologyofnewh00star/page/89}}</ref>

===Colonial settlement===
The city was named after [[Claremont (country house)|Claremont]], the country mansion of [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Thomas Pelham-Holles]], [[Earl of Clare]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=18841 |title=Profile for Claremont, New Hampshire, NH |publisher=ePodunk |access-date=October 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006163159/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=18841 |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On October 26, 1764,<ref name="1875Claremont" /> colonial governor [[Benning Wentworth]] granted the township to Josiah Willard, Samuel Ashley and 67 others. Although first settled in 1762 by Moses Spafford and David Lynde, many of the proprietors arrived in 1767, with a large number from [[Farmington, Connecticut|Farmington]], [[Hebron, Connecticut|Hebron]] and [[Colchester, Connecticut|Colchester]], [[Connecticut]]. The undulating surface of rich, gravelly [[loam]] made agriculture an early occupation.<ref name=Coolidge>{{cite book |last=Coolidge |first=Austin J. |author2=John B. Mansfield |title=A History and Description of New England, General and Local |publisher=A.J. Coolidge |year=1859 |location=Boston, Massachusetts |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ/page/n483 445]–448 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ |quote=coolidge mansfield history description new england 1859.}}</ref> Spafford was deeded land from Col. Samuel Ashley, who was given a charter to establish a ferry across the [[Connecticut River]] in 1784, the location of which is still known as Ashley's Ferry landing. Spafford was also the first man to marry in Claremont, and his son, Elijah, was the first white child to be born in the town.

The [[Union Episcopal Church (Claremont, New Hampshire)|Union Episcopal Church]] in West Claremont was built in 1773, and is the oldest surviving [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] church building in [[New Hampshire]] and the state's oldest surviving building built exclusively for religious purposes. The parish was organized in 1771 and chartered by the New Hampshire legislature in 1794 as Union Church Parish.<ref name="crjc.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.crjc.org/heritage/N07-3.htm |publisher=Connecticut River Joint Commissions |title=Union Episcopal Church (English Church) |access-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref> Located across the street, Old St. Mary's Church, built in 1823 mostly in the [[Federal architecture|Federal]] style, was the first [[Roman Catholic]] church in New Hampshire.<ref name="newadvent">{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10785a.htm |publisher=newadvent.org |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: New Hampshire |access-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref> It was discontinued in 1870 in favor of the new St. Mary's Church in the [[Lower Village District]].<ref name="crjc">{{cite web| url=http://www.crjc.org/heritage/N07-5.htm| publisher=Connecticut River Joint Commissions| title=Old St. Mary Roman Catholic Church| access-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref>

During the American Revolution, Claremont had a large number of [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]], who used a small wooded valley in West Claremont called the "Tory Hole" to hide from the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |title=Granite Monthly: A New Hampshire Magazine |date=1913 |issue=v. 45-46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1oSAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA386 |pages=1–386 |access-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.claremontnh.com/uploads/pdf/4%20Historic%20Resources.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204515/http://www.claremontnh.com/uploads/pdf/4%20Historic%20Resources.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=live| title=Chapter IV. Historic Resources| work=City of Claremont Master Plan| year=2011| access-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref> In 1777, when the [[New Hampshire Grants]] declared their own sovereignty as the [[Vermont Republic]], Claremont was one of sixteen New Hampshire towns inclined to join them, and made multiple attempts to do so.<ref name="books.google.com"/>

===Industry===

[[Image:View of Ashley's Ferry, Claremont, NH.jpg|thumb|right|Ashley's Ferry, {{circa|1906}}]]
Claremont's first [[millwright]] was Col. Benjamin Tyler, who arrived in the area from [[Farmington, Connecticut]], in the spring of 1767.<ref name="books.google.com"/> Tyler built mills using stone quarried from his land on nearby [[Mount Ascutney]], and built Claremont's first mill on the [[Sugar River (New Hampshire)|Sugar River]] on the site of the Coy Paper Mill. Tyler also invented the wry-fly water wheel, which was the subject of the Supreme Court case ''[[Tyler v. Tuel]]''. His grandson John Tyler evolved the technology to create the Tyler Water Wheel and the Tyler Turbine. John Tyler's grandson was [[Benjamin Tyler Henry]], inventor of the Henry Repeating rifle, manufactured in neighboring [[Windsor, Vermont]], and used in the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].<ref name="vnews.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.vnews.com/news/14981521-95/historian-highlights-early-contributors-to-claremont| newspaper=[[Valley News]]| title=Historian highlights: Early contributors to Claremont| access-date=February 3, 2017| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702210848/http://www.vnews.com/news/14981521-95/historian-highlights-early-contributors-to-claremont| archive-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref>

The [[hydropower|water power]] harnessed from the Sugar River brought the town prosperity during the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Large brick factories were built along the stream, including the Sunapee Mills, Monadnock Mills, Claremont Machine Works, Home Mills, Sanford & Rossiter, and Claremont Manufacturing Company. Principal products were [[cotton]] and [[woolen]] [[textile]]s, [[lathe]]s and [[thickness planer|planers]], and [[papermaking|paper]].<ref name="Coolidge"/> Although like other [[New England]] [[mill town]]s, much industry moved away or closed in the 20th century, the city's former prosperity is evident in some fine [[Victorian architecture]], including the 1897 [[Claremont City Hall|city hall and opera house]].

In 1874, businesses in Claremont included [[Monadnock Mills]], manufacturing cotton cloths from one to three yards wide, Marseilles quilts, union flannels, and lumber, and employing 125 males and 225 females; Home Mill (A. Briggs & Co.) producing cotton cloth and employing 8 males and 20 females; Sullivan Machine Co., manufacturing Steam Dimond Drill Machinery for quarrying rock, turbine water wheels, cloth measuring machines, and doing general machine and mill work, employing 56 males; Sugar River Paper Mill Co., manufacturing printing paper and employing 30 males and 20 females; Claremont Manufacturing Co., manufacturing paper and books, and doing stereotyping and book and job printing, employing 34 males and 34 females; Russell Jarvis, manufacturing hanging paper and employing 7 males and 2 females; John S. Farrington, manufacturing straw wrapping paper and employing 5 males and 1 female; Sullivan Mills (George L. Balcom), manufacturing black doeskins and employing 20 males and 18 females; Charles H. Eastman, in the leather business and employing 4 males; Sugar River Mill Co., manufacturing flour, feed, and doing custom grinding, and employing 8 males; three saw mills employing a part of the year, 10 males; Blood & Woodcock, in the business of monuments and grave stones and employing 8 males; and Houghton, Bucknam & Co., in the business of sashes, doors and blinds, employing 8 males.<ref name="1875Claremont">Article in [http://gedcomindex.com/Reference/New_Hampshire_1875/097.html ''Statistics and Gazetteer of New-Hampshire'' (1875)]</ref>

The Monadnock Mills Co. and Sullivan Mills Co. were responsible for the two most prominent collections of manufacturing structures in the [[Lower Village District]]. Monadnock Mills' textile operations began with its founding in 1842, and lasted through 1932, shuttering operations following the decline of the textile industry in New England during the 1920s.<ref name="claremontnh.com">{{Cite web| url=http://www.claremontnh.com/uploads/pdf/Claremont-Historic-Walking-Tour.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920143605/http://www.claremontnh.com/uploads/pdf/Claremont-Historic-Walking-Tour.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-20 |url-status=live| title=A Walking Tour of Claremont Village Industrial District| publisher=City of Claremont| access-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref> By the 1920s, Sullivan Mills Co. had become New Hampshire's largest machining company, as well as Claremont's largest employer. Sullivan's Machinery division merged with [[Joy Mining Machinery]] in 1946, becoming Joy Manufacturing Co. Its founder, inventor [[Joseph Francis Joy]], stayed on as general manager of the facility,<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.joyglobal.com/docs/default-source/non-product-documents/company/our-company/joy-history_2.pdf?sfvrsn=8| title=Joseph Francis Joy: Character – Inventor – Reformer| publisher=joyglobal.com| access-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref> which remained the dominant employer in Claremont through the 1970s, when manufacturing technology had advanced sufficiently to hamper sales and productivity. Parts of the campus suffered fires in 1979 and 1981,<ref name="unitynh">{{cite web| url=http://www.fire.unitynh.com/chief_roy_t__quimby.htm| publisher=Unity N.H. Volunteer Fire Department| title=Chief Roy T. Quimby| access-date=February 3, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the branch was closed in 1983 and sold in 1984.<ref name="claremontnh.com"/>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Claremont_NH_Civil_War_Statue.jpg|Statue and memorial to Civil War dead 
File:Claremont_NH_32-pdr_naval_guns.jpg|32-pounder (6.5") Dahlgren naval guns
</gallery>

===Educational history===
In the 1850s, the city of Claremont approached the [[New Hampshire General Court|state legislature]] asking permission to build a public high school. At the time, [[state school|public high schools]] did not exist in New Hampshire. The state agreed, and decided to offer permission to every town in the state so that every town could establish public high schools. Claremont native and hotelier Paran Stevens then made an offer to fund 50% of the $20,000 cost of development, resulting in [[Stevens High School (New Hampshire)|Stevens High School]].<ref name="vnews.com"/>

In March 1989, the Claremont School Board voted to initiate a lawsuit against the State of New Hampshire, claiming that the state's primary reliance upon local [[property tax]]es for funding education resulted in inequitable educational opportunities among children around the state and a violation of their constitutional rights. Following a lawsuit and a series of landmark decisions, the [[New Hampshire Supreme Court]] agreed. Known as the "[[Claremont School District v. Governor of New Hampshire|Claremont Decision]]", the suit continues to drive the statewide debate on equitable funding for education, and Claremont continues to play a primary role in this legal challenge.<ref name="claremontlawsuit">{{cite web|url=http://www.claremontlawsuit.org|publisher=claremontlawsuit.org|title=Claremont Coalition|access-date=February 3, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607172415/http://www.claremontlawsuit.org/|archive-date=June 7, 2007}}</ref>

===Namesakes===
The cities of [[Claremont, California]], [[Claremont, Minnesota]], and [[Claremont Township, Dodge County, Minnesota|Claremont Township, Minnesota]], were named for Claremont, New Hampshire.<ref>Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). ''A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways'', p. 56.</ref>