Editing Clapham Sect (section)

== History ==
{{expand section|date=December 2022}}
The [[Clapham]] movement grew from 18th-century evangelical trends in the Church of England (the [[Anglican Church]]) and started to coalesce around residents of Clapham, especially during the rectorship there of [[John Venn (priest)|John Venn]] (in office: 1792-1813)<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Venn
 |first1               = John
 |author-link1         = John Venn
 |date                 = 8 March 2012
 |orig-date            = 1904
 |title                = Annals of a Clerical Family: Being Some Account of the Family and Descendants of William Venn, Vicar of Otterton, Devon, 1600-1621
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=rRcFkXb_-OoC
 |series               = Cambridge Library Collection - Religion
 |edition              = reprint
 |location             = Cambridge
 |publisher            = Cambridge University Press
 |isbn                 = 9781108044929
 |access-date          = 2 December 2022
 |quote                = [...] John [Venn] was the founder of an evangelical sect at Clapham (where his father had also been curate), and of the Church Missionary Society [...].
}}
</ref>
and came to engage in systematically advocating social reform.<ref>
{{cite book
 |author1              = Nirmala Sharma
 |date                 = 21 March 2016
 |title                = Unraveling Misconceptions: A New Understanding of E. M. Forster's ''A Passage to India''
 |publisher = Xlibris Corporation
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=hJ7XCwAAQBAJ
 |isbn                 = 9781514475218
 |access-date          = 2 December 2022
 |quote                = 'The Clapham Sect was a group of evangelical reformers that presented a new “crystallization of power: parliament, the Established Church, the journals of opinion, the universities, the City, the civil and fighting services, the government of the Empire. Clapham found a place in them all, not infrequently a distinguished one.' [...]  The Clapham Sect was also noted for its 'advocacy of the abolition of the slave trade.'
}}
</ref>

In the course of time the growth of evangelical [[Christian revival]]ism in England<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Ditchfield
 |first1               = G. M.
 |year                 = 2003
 |orig-date            = 1998
 |title                = The Evangelical Revival
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=zWv9LeLsyhUC
 |series               = Introductions to history
 |edition              = reprint
 |location             = London
 |publisher            = Psychology Press
 |isbn                 = 9781857284812
 |access-date          = 1 December 2022
}}
</ref>
and the movement for [[Catholic emancipation]] fed into a waning of the old precept that every Englishman automatically counted as an Anglican.<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Morgan
 |first1               = Edmund S.
 |author-link1         = Edmund Morgan (historian)
 |date                 = 28 June 2017
 |orig-date            = 2015
 |title                = Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=fAQqDwAAQBAJ
 |publisher            = Pickle Partners Publishing
 |isbn                 = 9781787204683
 |access-date          = 1 December 2022
 |quote                = Every Englishman had been automatically transformed by government decree into a member of the new Anglican church.
}}
</ref>
Some new Christian groups (such as the [[Methodism|Methodists]] and the [[Plymouth Brethren]]) moved away from Anglicanism, and the Christian social reformers who succeeded the Claphamites from about the 1830s<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Twells
 |first1               = Alison
 |date                 = 17 December 2008
 |title                = The Civilising Mission and the English Middle Class, 1792-1850: The 'Heathen' at Home and Overseas
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=YvyGDAAAQBAJ
 |edition              = reprint
 |location             = Basingstoke
 |publisher            = Springer
 |page                 = 38
 |isbn                 = 9780230234727
 |access-date          = 1 December 2022
 |quote                = The 'Claphamites' were a group of powerful and influential men associated with the Clapham congregation [...].
}}
</ref>
often exemplified [[Nonconformist conscience]]<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Bradley
 |first1               = Ian C.
 |author-link1         = Ian C. Bradley
 |year                 = 1976
 |title                = The Call to Seriousness: The Evangelical Impact on the Victorians
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=iX7ZAAAAMAAJ
 |publisher            = Cape
 |page                 = 16
 |isbn                 = 9780224011624
 |access-date          = 1 December 2022
 |quote                = [...] the [...] very important contribution made by Nonconformity to British life in the nneteenth century.
}}
</ref>
and identified with groups functioning outside the established Anglican Church.<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Carter
 |first1               = Grayson
 |editor-last1         = Litzenberger
 |editor-first1        = C. J.
 |editor-last2         = Lyon
 |editor-first2        = Eileen Groth
 |year                 = 2006
 |chapter              = Evangelical Religion
 |title                = The Human Tradition in Modern Britain
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=S8YbICxXWDQC
 |series               = Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series
 |location             = Lanham
 |publisher            = Rowman & Littlefield
 |pages                 = 56–57
 |isbn                 = 9780742537354
 |access-date          = 25 November 2022
 |quote                = By the end of the long eighteenth century [1688-1832], the members of the Clapham Sect were quickly passing from the scene. [...] The successors of the Clapham Sect lived at a time of rapid and fundamental social change, arising primarily from the continued effects of industrialization. [...] various issues challenged in different ways the spiritual aspirations of the evangelical movement, producing considerable pressure (and even unrest) within its ranks. As a result, during the late 1820s and early 1830s, the 'Gospel movement' began to fragment into a number of diverse, but not altogether distinct, parties and even denominations. Examples of millennial and apocalyptic speculation, ultra-Calvinistic doctrines, and even extreme forms of Pentecostalism, could now be found among the adherents of evangelical religion, leading many traditional evangelicals to lose confidence in the ability of the 'Gospel movement' to bring about the spiritual renewal of the English church and the nation as a whole.
}}
</ref>