Editing Clan Campbell (section)

==History==
[[File:Campbell of Argyll.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of a Campbell of Argyll by [[R. R. McIan|R.R. McIan]]]]

===Origins===

In traditional genealogies of Clan Campbell, the clan's origins are in the ancient [[Britons (Celtic people)|Britons]] of [[Strathclyde]].<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Campbell">{{cite book |last1=Way |first1=George of Plean |last2=Squire |first2=Romilly of Rubislaw |author-link2=Romilly Squire of Rubislaw |author-link1=George Way of Plean |year=1994 |title=Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia |location=[[Glasgow]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] (for the [[Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs]]) |isbn=0-00-470547-5 |pages=90–92}}</ref> The earliest Campbell in written record is [[Gilleasbaig of Menstrie|Gillespie]], whose name is recorded in 1263.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Campbell" /> Early grants to Gillespie and his relations were almost all in east-central [[Scotland]]. The family's connection with [[Argyll]] came some generations earlier when a Campbell married the heiress of the O'Duines and she brought with her the Lordship of [[Loch Awe]].<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Campbell"/> Because of this, the early clan name was ''Clan O'Duine''. The name was later styled ''Clann Diarmaid'' based on a fancied connection to ''Diarmuid the Boar'', a great hero from early [[Celtic mythology]].<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Campbell"/>

The original seat of Clan Campbell was either [[Innes Chonnel Castle]] on Loch Awe or Caisteal na Nigheann Ruaidh on [[Loch Avich]]. The clan's power soon spread throughout Argyll, though at first the Campbells were under the domination of the [[Lord of Lorne|Lords of Lorne]], chiefs of [[Clan MacDougall]]. The MacDougalls killed the Campbell chief [[Cailean Mór]] (Colin Campbell) in 1296. (See: [[Battle of Red Ford]].) All subsequent chiefs of Clan Campbell have taken ''MacCailean Mór'' as their [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] patronymic.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Campbell"/>

Between 1200 and 1500, the Campbells emerged as one of the most powerful families in Scotland, dominant in [[Argyll]] and capable of wielding a wider influence and authority from [[Edinburgh]] to the [[Hebrides]] and western Highlands.<ref name="OxfordScottishCampbell">{{cite book |editor-last=Lynch |editor-first=Michael |editor-link=Michael Lynch (historian) |year=2011 |title=Oxford Companion to Scottish History |pages=64–66 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-923482-0}}</ref>

===Wars of Scottish Independence===

Early in the 14th century, the family of Colin Campbell became firm supporters of King [[Robert the Bruce]] and benefited from his successes through grants of lands, titles, and good marriages.<ref name="OxfordScottishCampbell"/> In 1314, the Campbells fought for Scotland against England in the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]] at the [[Battle of Bannockburn]].<ref name="OxfordScottishCampbell" /> Throughout the 14th century, Clan Campbell rapidly expanded its lands and power. The expansion is explained in part by the loyalty of [[Niall mac Cailein|Sir Neil Campbell]] (''Niall mac Caile'') (died 1316) to the cause of Robert the Bruce, a loyalty that was rewarded with marriage to Bruce's sister [[Mary Bruce|Mary]].<ref name="OxfordScottishCampbell"/> The family was closely associated with the [[House of Stewart|Stewarts]] and the [[House of Bruce|Bruces]] in the time of Cailean Mór.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Campbell"/> Sir Neil, as a staunch ally of Robert the Bruce, was rewarded with extensive lands that had been taken from Clan MacDougall, the Lords of Lorne, and other enemies of the Bruces in Argyll.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Campbell"/>

===15th century and royal relations===
[[File:Innis Chonnell, Loch Awe, Argyll.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Innes Chonnel Castle]] on Loch Awe, possibly the earliest seat of Clan Campbell.]]
The Campbells gave support to the Crown throughout the 15th century.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Campbell"/> By the end of the 15th century, the power of the [[Lord of the Isles|Lords of the Isles]] (chiefs of [[Clan Donald]]), the Crown's most powerful rivals, had been broken, and the Campbells were the main power in the area.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Campbell"/> From this time onward, the Campbells acted as the central authority in the area; this transition of power might be the real cause of the ancient enmity between the Campbells and the MacDonalds.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Campbell"/>

Descendants of Sir [[Duncan Campbell, 1st Lord Campbell]] (''Donnchadh''), and his wife Lady Marjorie Stewart are descendants of Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland, and Robert II Stewart, King of Scotland. Lady Marjorie Stewart (born circa 1390) was the daughter of King Robert II's son, Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany.<ref name="OxfordScottishCampbell"/> This makes all descendants of Sir Duncan Campbell and Lady Marjorie Stewart descendants of Robert I Bruce and of most of the early kings of Scotland.<ref name="OxfordScottishCampbell "/>

The title of 1st Lord Campbell was created in 1445. In the second half of the 15th century, the Campbells played an increasingly prominent role in Scotland. During his reign, [[James I of Scotland]] launched a great political assault on the Albany Stewarts and their allies in the west. However, Duncan Campbell, 1st Lord Campbell (''Donnchadh''), escaped the fate of his Albany kinsmen, who all were either executed or exiled.<ref name="OxfordScottishCampbell "/>

[[Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll]] (''Cailean''), was ennobled as [[Earl of Argyll]] in 1457 and later became Baron of Lorn. He also was granted lands in [[Knapdale]]. The title and land grants were signs that the Argylls were one of the major forces in Scotland.<ref name="OxfordScottishCampbell"/> In 1493, after the forfeiture of the MacDonalds as Lords of the Isles, the Campbell lords might well have viewed themselves as natural successors to Clan Donald in terms of leadership of the Gaels of the Hebrides and western Highlands.<ref name="OxfordScottishCampbell"/> The Campbell lordship thus remained one of the most significant bastions of Gaelic learning and culture in late medieval and early modern Scotland.<ref name="OxfordScottishCampbell"/>

In the [[Battle of Knockmary]] in 1490, men of Clan Campbell and Clan Drummond joined forces to defeat Clan Murray.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/dtog/drummon2.html |title=Clan Drummond |publisher=Electricscotland.com |access-date=2012-04-01}}</ref> The battle also became known as the [[Massacre of Monzievaird]]. In 1499, Campbell of Inverliver defeated [[Clan Calder]] at the [[Battle of Daltullich]]. Sir John Campbell, the younger son of the Earl of Argyll, subsequently received the estate of Calder and [[Cawdor Castle]] through his marriage to the estate's heiress, Muriel Calder.<ref name="ThanesofCawdor">{{cite book |last1=Cawdor |first1=John Frederick Vaughan Campbell |last2=Innes |first2=Cosmo |author-link1=Frederick Campbell, 3rd Earl Cawdor |author-link2=Cosmo Innes |year=1859 |title=The Book of the Thanes of Cawdor: A Series of Papers Selected from the Charter Room at Cawdor |url=https://archive.org/details/bookthanescawdo02innegoog/page/n206 |pages=102–104}}</ref><ref name="Shaw">{{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Lachlan |year=1827 |title=The history of the province of Moray |url=https://archive.org/details/historyprovince00shawgoog/page/n177 |publisher=J. Grant |page=156}}</ref><ref name="Wimberley">{{cite book |last=Wimberley |first=Douglas |year=1893 |title=Memorials of four old families, viz. Campbell of Kilmartin [and some notes on the family of Campbell of Inverness], Gordon of Lesmoir, Irvine of Drum, Wimberley of South Witham & Beechfield. With pedigrees and ... illustrations |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/memorialsoffouro1894wimb/page/n47 |location=Inverness |publisher=D. Wimberley |chapter=Campbells of Inverliver |page=26}}</ref>

===16th century and clan conflicts===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Clan Campbell clan map.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Scottish clan map showing the main part of the Clan Campbell territory coloured in yellow that was held by the Campbells of Argyll, who were the clan chiefs and who are seated at Inveraray Castle. Also shown in black text but still within the yellow area of Campbell territory are the names of several other smaller clans whose lands were at some point were taken over by the acquisitive Campbells. These are from left to right: [[Clan MacMillan|MacMillan]], [[Clan MacTavish|MacTavish]], [[Clan MacIver|MacIver]], [[Clan Malcolm|Malcolm]], [[Clan Ewen of Otter|MacEwen]], [[Clan MacIntyre|MacIntyre]], [[Clan Arthur|MacArthur]], [[Clan Fletcher|Fletcher]], [[Clan Gregor|MacGregor]] and [[Clan Macnaghten|McNaughton]]. Some of these smaller clans became [[sept]]s of Clan Campbell, but others, such as the MacGregors and MacNaughtons, had other separate territories that they still held in their own right and are also shown on the map.]] -->
In 1513, the 2nd Earl of Argyll was killed along with many of his clan at the [[Battle of Flodden]].<ref name="Timeline">{{cite web |url=http://www.inveraray-castle.com/clan-campbell-timeline.html |title=Clan Campbell Timeline |website=inveraray-castle.com |access-date=24 May 2014 |archive-date=10 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310163224/http://www.inveraray-castle.com/clan-campbell-timeline.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Guthrie |first=William |author-link=William Guthrie (historian) |year=1767 |title=A General History of Scotland |url=https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory14guthgoog/page/n6/mode/2up |volume=4 |location=[[Paternoster Row]], London |publisher=A. Hamilton, Robinson and Roberts |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory14guthgoog/page/n366/mode/2up 371]-372 |access-date=May 7, 2023}}</ref>

The [[Battle of Langside]] took place in 1568 where the chief of Clan Campbell, [[Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll]], commanded the forces who fought for [[Mary, Queen of Scots]].<ref name="Timeline"/>

In 1567, a conflict took place between the Clan Campbell and [[Clan Arthur]]. Duncan MacArthur and his son of the Loch Awe MacArthur family, became the victims of their own success when jealousy of their power drove neighbours to drown them in Loch Awe during a skirmish with the Clan Campbell. In the archives of [[Inveraray Castle]] a charter dated 1567 confirms that a pardon was granted to the Campbells of Inverawe for what became known as the "drowning of Clan Arthur".<ref>{{cite book |last=Moncreiffe |first=Iain |author-link=Iain Moncreiffe |year=1982 |title=The Highland Clans: The Dynastic Origins, Chiefs and Background of The Clans And Some Other Families Connected With Highland History |url=https://archive.org/details/highlandclansdyn0000monc_c2w4/page/n7/mode/2up |location=London, Melbourne, Sydney, Auckland, Johannesburg |publisher=[[Barrie and Jenkins]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/highlandclansdyn0000monc_c2w4/page/122/mode/2up 122] |isbn=9780091447403 |access-date=June 16, 2022}}</ref> It is believed that the MacArthurs trying to defend themselves were driven into the loch. Centuries later in the 1970s an ancient sword was unearthed on the shore of the loch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clanarthur.com/history2.htm |title=MacArthurs of Tirevadich |publisher=Clanarthur.com |access-date=2012-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rampantscotland.com/clans/blclanmacarthur.htm |title=History of the MacArthur Clan |publisher=Rampantscotland.com |access-date=2012-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111428/http://www.rampantscotland.com/clans/blclanmacarthur.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

For two centuries from the mid-15th century the [[Clan Gordon]] and Clan Campbell controlled the north-east and west of Scotland respectively, as the [[magnate]]s who straddled the divide between the [[Scottish Highlands]] and [[Scottish Lowlands]].<ref name="Oxford">{{cite book |editor-last=Lynch |editor-first=Michael |editor-link=Michael Lynch (historian) |year=2011 |title=Oxford Companion to Scottish History |page=273 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-923482-0}}</ref> In 1594, [[Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll]] was granted a Royal Commission against [[George Gordon, 6th Earl of Huntly]] but was defeated at the [[Battle of Glenlivet]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair of Airds |year=2002 |title=A History of Clan Campbell: From Flodden to the Restoration |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |pages=113–117}}</ref>

===17th century and Civil War===

The support that the Campbells gave to the central Government brought them rewards: In 1607, Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll was granted the former MacDonald lands of Kintyre and in 1615 Campbell of Cawdor was allowed to purchase the [[Isle of Islay]] which had previously belonged to the Macleans of Duart.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Campbell"/>
[[File:Kilchurn castle crop.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Kilchurn Castle]], seat of the Campbells of Glenorchy.]]

At the [[Battle of Inverlochy (1645)]], the Scottish [[Covenanter]] forces led by [[Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll]] were defeated by the Royalist forces of [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose]] whose army was mainly made up of Scots of the Clan MacDonald, [[Clan Maclean]], and others from Ireland. After the Battle of Inverlochy, Montrose and the Macleans burnt [[Castle Campbell]], but the castle remained in Campbell hands.<ref>[http://portal.historic-scotland.gov.uk/designation/GDL00089 Castle Campbell]  historic-scotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 March 2016.</ref> In the wake of the Battle of Inverlochy the [[Clan Lamont]] took the opportunity to raid the Campbell lands.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Lamont">{{cite book |last1=Way |first1=George of Plean |last2=Squire |first2=Romilly of Rubislaw |author-link2=Romilly Squire of Rubislaw |author-link1=George Way of Plean |year=1994 |title=Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia |location=[[Glasgow]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] (for the [[Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs]]) |isbn=0-00-470547-5 |pages=188–189}}</ref><ref name="Levene">{{cite book |last1=Levene |first1=Mark |last2=Roberts |first2=Penny |year=1999 |title=The Massacre in History |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |isbn=1-57181-934-7}}</ref> The vengeful Campbells also ravaged the lands of the Clan Maclean who had fought against them at Inverlochy and in due course the Maclean's [[Duart Castle]] surrendered.<ref>{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Lorne Campbell of Airds |year=2004 |title=A History of Clan Campbell: From the Restoration to the Present Day |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |page=15}}</ref>

In 1648, at the [[Battle of Stirling (1648)]] the [[Kirk Party]] Covenanter forces of Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll were defeated by the [[Engagers|Engager]] Covenanter forces of Sir [[George Munro, 1st of Newmore]] who supported the [[Earl of Lanark]]. Among Argyll's dead was William Campbell of Glenfalloch killed in action.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotwars.com/html/textonly/battle_of_stirling.htm |title=Battle of Stirling@ScotsWars.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050414214048/http://www.scotwars.com/html/textonly/battle_of_stirling.htm |archive-date=14 April 2005 }}</ref>

In 1672, a feud took place between the Clan Campbell and [[Clan Sinclair]]. Debt had forced [[George Sinclair, 6th Earl of Caithness]] to resign his titles and estates in favour of Sir John Campbell.<ref name="Anderson" /> Campbell took possession of the estates on Sinclair's death in May 1676, and was created earl of Caithness in June the following year.<ref name="Anderson">{{Cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bLQEAAAAIAAJ/page/n568 | pages= 524–5 | title=The Scottish nation: or, The surnames, families, literature, honours, and biographical history of the people of Scotland | first=William | last=Anderson | publisher=Fullarton | year=1862 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Sinclair's heir, George Sinclair of Keiss disputed the claim and seized the land in 1678.<ref name="Anderson"/> This was followed by the [[Battle of Altimarlech]], 13 July 1680, between the Clan Campbell and the Clan Sinclair in which the Campbells were victorious.<ref name="Anderson"/> Legend has it that so many Sinclairs were killed that the Campbells were able to cross the river without getting their feet wet.<ref name="Anderson"/> Having failed to regain his inheritance by force, Sinclair of Keiss then turned to the law. He took his place as Earl of Caithness on 15 July 1681, and his lands were restored on 23 September.<ref name="Anderson"/> Campbell was made [[Earl of Breadalbane]] by way of compensation.<ref name="Anderson"/>

In 1678, [[Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll]] led the Campbell of Argyll militia on an expedition to the [[Isle of Mull]] and took Duart Castle from the Clan Maclean.<ref>{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Lorne Campbell of Airds |year=2004 |title=A History of Clan Campbell: From the Restoration to the Present Day |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |page=22}}</ref> However, Argyll was beheaded on 30 June 1685 for his participation in [[Argyll's Rising]] in support of the [[Monmouth Rebellion]] to depose Catholic James VII and II and place the Protestant James, Duke of Monmouth on the throne.<ref>{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Lorne Campbell of Airds |year=2004 |title=A History of Clan Campbell: From the Restoration to the Present Day |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |pages=39–60}}</ref> Later in 1692, [[Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll]] again gained possession of the Maclean's Duart Castle.<ref>{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Lorne Campbell of Airds |year=2004 |title=A History of Clan Campbell: From the Restoration to the Present Day |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |page=xviii}}</ref>

In 1692, 38 unarmed people of the Clan [[MacDonald of Glencoe]] were killed in the [[Massacre of Glencoe]] when a Government initiative to suppress [[Jacobitism]] was entangled in the long running feud between Clan MacDonald and Clan Campbell. The slaughter of the MacDonalds at the hands of the soldiers, led by Captain [[Robert Campbell of Glenlyon]], after enjoying their hospitality for over a week was a major affront of Scots Law and Highland tradition. The majority of soldiers were not Campbells, but a roll call from a few months before included six Campbells in addition to Cpt. Robt. Campbell: Corporal Achibald Campbell, Private Archibald Campbell (elder), Private Donald Campbell (younger), Private Archibald Campbell (younger), Private James Campbell, Private Donald Campbell (elder), and Private Duncan Campbell.<ref>{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Lorne Campbell of Airds |year=2004 |title=A History of Clan Campbell: From the Restoration to the Present Day |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |pages=80–93}}</ref> See also: [[Earl of Argyll's Regiment of Foot]].

===18th century and Jacobite Uprisings===

====Jacobite rising of 1715====
During the Jacobite risings of the 18th century the Clan Campbell supported the British-Hanoverian Government. On 23 October 1715, chief [[John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll]] learned that a detachment of rebels was passing by Castle Campbell, towards [[Dunfermline]]. He sent out a body of cavalry which attacked the rebel party and defeated it in what is now known as the [[Skirmish of Dunfermline]] and took a number of prisoners, taking only light casualties.<ref name="JOHNCAMPBELLELECTRIC">Chambers, Robert. (1856). ''[http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/campbell_john2.htm Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen - Significant Scots John Campbell]''. (New edition along with the supplemental volume says by the Rev. Thos. Thomson). electricscotland.com. Retrieved 25, February 2012.</ref> A month later the British Government forces, including men from Clan Campbell, fought and defeated the Jacobites at the [[Battle of Sheriffmuir]] in 1715. However, there were in fact a small number of Campbells who took the side of the Jacobites led by the son of Campbell of Glenlyon whose father had commanded the Government troops at the Massacre of Glencoe against the MacDonalds 22 years earlier. These two families then settled their differences and swore to be brothers in arms, fighting side by side in the Sheriffmuir. However, the British Government forces led by chief John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll defeated the Jacobites.<ref>[http://www.clan-cameron.org/battles/1715.html Battle of Sheriffmuir] clan-cameron.org. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</ref>

====The Black Watch====

[[General Wade]]'s report on the Highlands in 1724 estimated the strength of the clan who supported the Government under the Duke of Argyll as 4,000 men, whilst those under Campbell of Breadalbane who had supported the Jacobites in 1715, as 1000 men.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=Thomas Brumby |author-link1=Thomas Brumby Johnston |last2=Robertson |first2=James Alexander |last3=Dickson |first3=William Kirk |author-link3=William Kirk Dickson |year=1899 |chapter=General Wade's Report |title=Historical Geography of the Clans of Scotland |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra00john/page/24/mode/2up |location=[[Edinburgh]] and [[London]] |publisher=[[W. & A.K. Johnston]] |pages=25–26 |access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> In 1725, six [[Independent Highland Companies]] were formed to support the Government: three from Clan Campbell, one from [[Clan Fraser of Lovat]], one from [[Clan Munro]] and one from [[Clan Grant]]. These companies were known by the name ''Reicudan Dhu'', or ''Black Watch''. The Regiment of the Line was formed officially in 1739 as the [[42nd Regiment of Foot]] and first mustered in 1740, at Aberfeldy.

====Jacobite rising of 1745====

Just before 1745, the strength of the Clan Campbell had been put at a total of 5,000 men.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Campbell"/> During the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]], the Clan Campbell continued their support for the British Government. They fought against the rebel Jacobites at the [[Battle of Falkirk (1746)]] where Government forces were defeated. However, shortly afterwards the Campbells held out during the [[Siege of Fort William]] where the Jacobites were defeated.<ref>[http://www.clan-cameron.org/battles/1746_c.html Siege of Fort William] clan-cameron.org. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</ref> The Campbells were also involved in the [[Skirmish of Keith]] around the same time.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Robert, Bishop of Ross |author-link1=Robert Forbes (bishop) |last2=Blaikie |first2=Waltar Biggar |author-link2=Walter Biggar Blaikie |year=1895 |title=The Lyon In Mourning : or, A Collection of Speeches, Letters, Journals etc. relative to the affairs of Prince Charles Edward Stuart |url=https://archive.org/details/lyoninmourningor02forbuoft/page/n5/mode/2up |volume=2 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Printed at the University Press by [[Thomas Constable (printer and publisher)|T. and A. Constable]] for the [[Scottish History Society]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lyoninmourningor02forbuoft/page/212/mode/2up 213]-217}}</ref> At the [[Battle of Culloden]] in 1746 where the Jacobites were finally defeated, involved in the fighting on the Government side were four companies from the [[Campbell of Argyll Militia]], three companies from [[Loudon's Highlanders]] who were under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Campbell and one company from the 43rd Highlanders who were under the command of Captain Dugald Campbell of Auchrossan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pollard |first=Tony |author-link=Tony Pollard (archaeologist) |year=2009 |title=Culloden: The History and Archaeology of the last Clan Battle |location=[[South Yorkshire]] |publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]] |pages=71–72 |isbn=978-1-84884-020-1}}</ref>