Editing Clément Marot (section)

== Biography ==

=== Youth ===
Marot was born at [[Cahors]], the capital of the province of [[Quercy]], some time during the winter of 1496–1497. His father, [[Jean Marot]] (c.&nbsp;1463-1523), whose more correct name appears to have been des Mares, Marais or Marets, was a [[Normans|Norman]] from the [[Caen]] region and was also a poet. Jean held the post of ''escripvain'' (a cross between [[poet laureate]] and historiographer) to [[Anne of Brittany]], Queen of France. Clément was the child of his second wife. The boy was "brought into France" — it is his own expression, and is not unnoteworthy as showing the strict sense in which that term was still used at the beginning of the 16th century — in 1506. He appears to have been educated at the [[University of Paris]], and to have then begun studying [[law]]. Jean Marot instructed his son in the fashionable forms of verse-making, which called for some formal training.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=748}}

It was the time of the ''rhétoriqueurs'', poets who combined stilted language with a fondness for the allegorical manner of the 15th century and the most complicated and artificial forms of the ''[[ballade (forme fixe)|ballade]]'' and the ''[[Rondeau (forme fixe)|rondeau]]''. Clément began as a "rhétoriqueur", though he later helped overthrow this style.  He wrote [[panegyric]]s to [[Guillaume Crétin]] and translated [[Virgil]]'s first [[Eclogues|eclogue]] in 1512. He soon gave up the study of law and became page to [[Nicolas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroy]], which led to his introduction into court life. The [[house of Valois]], which would hold the throne of France for the greater part of a century, was devoted to literature.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=748}}

===At the French court===
As early as 1514, before the accession of King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]], Clément presented to him his ''Judgment of [[Minos]]'', and shortly afterward he was either styled or styled himself ''facteur (poet) de la reine'' to [[Queen Claude]]. In 1519 he was attached to the suite of Marguerite d'Alençon, the king's sister, (later to become [[Marguerite de Navarre]]), a great patron of the arts. He was also a great favourite of Francis himself, attended the [[Field of the Cloth of Gold]] in 1520, and duly celebrated it in verse. In the next year he was at the camp in [[Flanders]], and wrote of the horrors of war.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=748}}

Marot, like most of Marguerite's literary court, was attracted by her grace, her kindness, and her intellectual accomplishments, but there is no grounds for thinking that they had a romantic relationship. During this time his poetic style began to change, becoming much less artificial. Some of his poems praise a lady named "Diane", whom some have identified with [[Diane de Poitiers]].{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=748}}

===In Paris===
In 1524, Marot accompanied King Francis on his disastrous Italian campaign. The king was taken prisoner at the [[Battle of Pavia]], but there are no grounds for supposing that Marot was wounded or shared the king's fate, and he was back in Paris again by the beginning of 1525. However, Marguerite for intellectual reasons, and her brother for political, had until then favoured the double movement of "Aufklärung", partly humanist, partly reforming, which distinguished the beginning of the century. Formidable opposition to both forms of innovation now began to appear, and Marot, never particularly prudent, was arrested on a charge of [[heresy]] and lodged in the [[Grand Châtelet]] in February 1526. This was only a foretaste of his coming trouble, and a friendly [[prelate]], acting for Marguerite, arranged his release before [[Easter]]. The imprisonment caused him to write a vigorous poem entitled ''Enfer'' (hell), later imitated by his friend [[Étienne Dolet]]. His father died about this time, and Marot seems to have been appointed in Jean's place as ''[[valet de chambre]]'' to the king. He was certainly a member of the royal household in 1528 with a stipend of 250 ''livres''. In 1530, probably, he married. The following year he was once again in trouble, this time for attempting to rescue a prisoner, and was again released,{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=748}} this time after Marot wrote the king one of his most famous poems, appealing for his release.

In 1532 he published (it had perhaps appeared three years earlier), under the title of ''Adolescence Clémentine'', the first printed collection of his works, which was very popular and was frequently reprinted with additions.  Unfortunately, the poet's enemies ensured that Marot was implicated in the 1534 [[Affair of the Placards]], and this time he fled.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=748}}

===In Ferrara===
He passed through Nérac, the court of Navarre, and made his way to [[Renée, duchess of Ferrara]], a supporter of the [[Protestant Reformation]] in France—as steadfast as her sister-in-law Marguerite, and even more efficacious, because her dominions were outside France. At Ferrara his work there included the celebrated ''Blasons'' (a descriptive poem, improved upon medieval models), which set all the verse-writers of France imitating them.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=748}} The ''blason'' was defined by [[Thomas Sébillet]] as a perpetual praise or continuous [[wiktionary:vituperation|vituperation]] of its subject. The ''blasons'' of Marot's followers were printed in 1543 with the title of ''Blasons anatomiques du corps féminin''.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=748|loc=fn.&nbsp;2}}

===Back in Paris===
Duchess Renée was not able to persuade her husband, [[Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara|Ercole d'Este]], to share her views, and Marot had to leave [[Ferrara]]. He went to [[Venice]], but before very long [[Pope Paul III]] remonstrated with Francis I on the severity with which the [[Protestants]] were treated, and they were allowed to return to Paris on condition of recanting their errors. Marot returned with the rest, and abjured his heresy at [[Lyon]]. In 1539 Francis gave him a house and grounds in the suburbs.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|pp=748–749}}

It was at this time that his famous and influential translations of the ''[[Psalms]]'' appeared.  Each courtier identified his or her favorite psalms, and the poems were sung in the court and in the city.  It is said, probably with exaggeration, that these translations did more than anything else to advance the cause of the [[Protestant Reformation]] in France.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=749}} [[Genevan Psalter|Marot's translations of the Psalms]] continued to be sung for centuries by Protestant congregations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schuler |first=Duck |title=The History of the Genevan Psalter |url=https://genevanpsalter.com/files/articles/Gen_Psal_intro_Schuler.pdf |website=The Genevan Psalter}}</ref>

===Later life===
At the same time Marot engaged in a literary quarrel with a poet named [[François de Sagon]], who represented the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]]. Verse-writers of France aligned themselves as ''Marotiques'' or ''Sagontiques'', and abuse was exchanged. Victory, as far as wit was concerned, was with Marot, but at the cost of ill-will against him.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=749}}
Marot also edited the works of his fellow poet [[François Villon]].

Although the ''Psalms'' were published in 1541 and 1543 with royal privilege, the Sorbonne still objected to translations from the Bible into French. In 1543, it was evident that Marot could not rely on the protection of the king; therefore he left for [[Geneva]].{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=749}} After living working on the Psalms there, as [[John Calvin|Calvin]] became more influential, he went to [[Piedmont]]. He died at [[Turin]] in the autumn of 1544 and was buried in the [[Turin Cathedral|Cathedral]] there at the expense of the French ambassador to Rome. 
[[File:Œuvres_Marot_29268_de_Caen.jpg|thumb|Published in 1731 with article by the Bishop of Avranches Huet and an engraving by Pierre Filloeul .]]