Editing Civil and political rights (section)

==History==
The phrase "civil rights" is a translation of Latin ''jus civis'' (right of the citizen). Roman citizens could be either free (''libertas'') or servile (''servitus''), but they all had rights in law.<ref>Mears, T. Lambert, ''Analysis of M. Ortolan's Institutes of Justinian, Including the History and'', p. 75.</ref> After the [[Edict of Milan]] in 313, these rights included the freedom of religion; however, in 380, the [[Edict of Thessalonica]] required all subjects of the Roman Empire to profess Nicene Christianity.<ref name="Fahlbusch">Fahlbusch, Erwin and Geoffrey William Bromiley, ''The encyclopedia of Christianity'', Volume 4, p. 703.</ref> Roman legal doctrine was lost during the Middle Ages, but claims of universal rights could still be made based on Christian doctrine. According to the leaders of [[Kett's Rebellion]] (1549), "all bond men may be made free, for God made all free with his precious blood-shedding."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/humanrights/1500-1760/ |title=Human Rights: 1500–1760 – Background |publisher=Nationalarchives.gov.uk |access-date=2012-02-11 |archive-date=2020-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807194423/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/humanrights/1500-1760/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 17th century, [[English common law]] judge Sir [[Edward Coke]] revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed [[Rights of Englishmen|such rights]]. The [[Parliament of England]] adopted the [[English Bill of Rights]] in 1689. It was one of the influences drawn on by [[George Mason]] and [[James Madison]] when drafting the [[Virginia Declaration of Rights]] in 1776. The Virginia declaration heavily influenced the [[U.S. Bill of Rights]] (1789).<ref>{{cite web|url= https://billofrightsinstitute.org/primary-sources/bill-of-rights|title= Bill of Rights: The 1st Ten Amendments|author= <!--Not stated-->|date= |website= |publisher= Bill of Rights Institute|access-date= 12 November 2023|quote= |archive-date= 12 November 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231112061854/https://billofrightsinstitute.org/primary-sources/bill-of-rights|url-status= live}}</ref>

The removal by legislation of a civil right constitutes a "civil disability". In early 19th century Britain, the phrase "civil rights" most commonly referred to the issue of such legal discrimination against Catholics. In the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], support for civil rights was divided, with many  politicians agreeing with the existing civil disabilities of Catholics. The [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829]] restored their civil rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829 |url=https://www.princeton.edu/~graphicarts/2011/03/the_mountain_in_labour.html |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=www.princeton.edu |archive-date=2024-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125181253/https://www.princeton.edu/~graphicarts/2011/03/the_mountain_in_labour.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the United States, the term civil rights has been associated with the [[civil rights movement]] (1954–1968), which fought against racism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=Civil Rights Movement: Timeline, Key Events & Leaders |url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=History |language=en |archive-date=2020-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411003722/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement |url-status=live }}</ref> The movement also fought segregation and Jim Crow laws and this fight took place in the streets, in public places, in government, and in the courts including the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States: The Black Panther Party This guide focuses on the civil rights that various groups have fought for within the United States. |url=https://library.law.howard.edu/civilrightshistory |access-date=September 19, 2024}}</ref> The civil rights movement was also not the only movement fighting for civil rights as The Black Panthers were also a group focused on fighting racism and Jim Crow.

Other things that civil rights have been associated with are not just race but also rights of Transgender and other LGBTQ individuals. These have been fights over sexuality instead of race and focused around whether these individuals may access certain spaces like bathrooms according to their sexual identity or biological sex. Gavin Grimm's fight in Virginia over whether he could use the bathroom of his choice is a well known case in these civil right fights.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rand |first=Erin J. |date=2024-01-02 |title=“The Rosa Parks of the trans bathroom debate”: Gavin Grimm and the racialization of transgender civil rights |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00335630.2023.2259963 |journal=Quarterly Journal of Speech |language=en |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=51–73 |doi=10.1080/00335630.2023.2259963 |issn=0033-5630}}</ref>

Another issue in civil rights has been the issue with police brutality in certain communities especially minority communities. This has been seen as another way for minority groups to be oppressed and their rights infringed upon. Outrage has also been a massive result of incidents caught on tape of police abusing and in some cases causing the deaths of people from minority groups such as African Americans. That is why to address the issue has been accountability to police engaging in such conduct as a way to deter other officers from committing similar actions.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/monograph?docid=b-9781509952618 |title=Building Bridges in European and Human Rights Law: Essays in Honour and Memory of Paul Heim CMG |date=2024 |publisher=Hart Publishing |isbn=978-1-5099-5261-8 |editor-last=Clifton |editor-first=Michael-James |edition=1 |doi=10.5040/9781509952618.0015 |editor-last2=Rab |editor-first2=Suzanne |editor-last3=Scorey   KC |editor-first3=David}}</ref>