Editing Citadel Hill (Fort George) (section)

==Predecessors==
===First Citadel (1749–1776)===
The English founded Halifax in 1749 to establish a presence in Nova Scotia as a counterbalance to the French stronghold of [[Louisbourg]], which had been returned to French control the previous year by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748). Halifax was a strategic centre during the next decade in the continuing Anglo-French rivalry in the region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnston|first=A.J.B.|title=Louisbourg: Past, Present, Future|year=2013|publisher=Nimbus Publishing}}</ref> The English had recruited Protestant settlers from England, the Palatine, and Switzerland, and constructed fortifications to protect them against raids by the French, colonial Acadians, and allies from the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] (primarily the Mi'kmaq). This conflict is known to some historians as [[Father Le Loutre's War]].

The war began shortly after [[Edward Cornwallis]], appointed Governor of Nova Scotia, arrived on June 21, 1749, to establish Halifax. He traveled on a sloop of war, followed by 13 transports (some sources say 15) that carried a total of 1,176&ndash;2500 settlers.<ref>Grenier, John. ''The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760''. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 2008; Thomas Beamish Akins. ''History of Halifax,'' Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 7</ref>

On September 11, 1749, Cornwallis wrote to the [[Board of Trade]], which supervised this colonial effort:
[[File:The founding of Halifax, 1749. by Charles W. Jefferys.png|thumb|Construction for the first Citadel. British soldiers of the [[29th Regiment of Foot]] guard against [[Acadian]] and [[Mi'kmaq|Mi'kmaw]] raids.]]
:"The Square at the top of the Hill is finished. These squares are done with double picquets, each picquet ten foot long and six inches thick. They likewise clear a Space of {{convert|30|ft|m|round=0.5|abbr=off|order=flip}} without the Line and throw up the Trees by way of Barricade. When this work is compleated {{sic}} I shall think the Town as secure against Indians as if it was regularly fortify'd."<ref>Bell Twatio. ''Battles without Borders''. p. 157</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/selectionsfrompu00nova#page/n321/mode/1up Cornwallis letter 11 September 1749], Internet Archive</ref>

The first fort was a small redoubt, with a flagstaff and guardhouse near the summit just east of the south ravelin of the present [[citadel]].<ref name="akins209">Thomas B. Akins. ''History of Halifax City.'' Brook House Press. 2002 reprint. p. 209</ref> It was part of the western perimeter wall for the old city, which was protected by five stockaded forts. The others were Horsemans Fort,<ref>Named after a member of the [[Nova Scotia Council]].</ref> Cornwallis Fort, Fort Lutrell, and Grenadier Fort. The British also built Fort Charlotte - named after King George's wife [[Sophia Charlotte of Hanover|Charlotte]] - on [[Georges Island (Nova Scotia)|Georges Island]] in 1750.

The fortified city walls, guarded by five stockaded forts to protect against Mi'kmaq, Acadian, and French attacks, was the centre of a network of fortifications Cornwallis built. Others included Bedford ([[Fort Sackville (Nova Scotia)|Fort Sackville]]) (1749), Dartmouth (1750), [[Lunenburg, Nova Scotia|Lunenburg]] (1753) and [[Lawrencetown, Halifax County, Nova Scotia|Lawrencetown]] (1754).

During [[Father Le Loutre's War]], the soldiers guarding Halifax were constantly on alert. The Mi'kmaq and Acadians raided the capital region (Halifax and Dartmouth) 12 times, four times against Halifax itself. The worst of these raids was what the British call the [[Raid on Dartmouth (1751)|Dartmouth Massacre (1751)]]. The first raid was in July 1750: the Mi'kmaq scalped Cornwallis' gardener, his son, and four others whom they had caught in the woods near Halifax. They buried the son, left the gardener's body exposed, and carried off the other four bodies.<ref>Atkins (1895/2002). ''History of Halifax City'', p 334</ref>
[[File:CitadelHill1750.png|thumb|Depiction of Halifax and the surrounding fortifications, 1750. The settlement was protected by city walls and several forts acting as [[redoubt]]s, including the First Citadel.]]

In 1751, two attacks were made on blockhouses surrounding Halifax. The Mi'kmaq attacked the North Blockhouse (located at the north end of Joseph Howe Drive) and killed the men on guard. They also attacked near the South Blockhouse (located at the south end of Joseph Howe Drive), at a sawmill on a stream flowing from Chocolate Lake into the [[Northwest Arm]]. They killed two men.<ref>Piers, Harry. [http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.aspx?id=6086 ''The Evolution of the Halifax Fortress''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102121555/http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.aspx?id=6086 |date=2012-11-02 }} (Halifax, PANS, Pub. #7, 1947), p. 6. As cited in Peter Landry's ''The Lion and the Lily.'' Vol. 1. Trafford Press. 2007. p. 370</ref> ([http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/royalengineers/piers.asp Map of Halifax Blockhouses])

In 1753, when Lawrence became governor of Nova Scotia, the Mi'kmaq again attacked the sawmills near the South Blockhouse on the Northwest Arm, where they killed three British. The Mi'kmaq made three attempts to retrieve the bodies for their scalps.<ref>Atkins (1895/2002), ''History of Halifax City'', p 209</ref>

Prominent Halifax business person [[Michael Francklin]] was captured by a [[Mi'kmaw]] raiding party in 1754 and held captive for three months. Adult captives were often held for ransom, to be raised by families or local communities<ref>{{cite DCB |first=L. R. |last=Fischer |title=Francklin, Michael |volume=4 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/francklin_michael_4E.html}}</ref>

The stockaded forts were also instrumental to the British during the [[French and Indian War]] (the North American theatre of the [[Seven Years' War]]). British soldiers stationed in Halifax helped conduct the [[expulsion of the Acadians]], as many Acadians were imprisoned on [[Georges Island (Nova Scotia)|Georges Island]] in Halifax harbour before their deportation. During the war, the Mi'kmaq and Acadians resisted the British throughout the province. On 2 April 1756, the Mi'kmaq were paid a bounty from the Governor of Quebec for 12 British scalps taken at Halifax.<ref>J.S. McLennan. ''Louisbourg: From Its Foundation to Its Fall (1713-1758)''. 1918, p. 190</ref> Acadian Pierre Gautier, son of [[Joseph-Nicolas Gautier]], led Mi'kmaq warriors from Louisbourg on three raids against [[City of Halifax|Halifax]] in 1757. In each raid, Gautier took prisoners or scalps or both. During the last raid in September, Gautier, with four Mi'kmaq warriors, killed and scalped two British men at the foot of Citadel Hill.<ref>Earle Lockerby. "Pre-Deportation Letters from Île Saint Jean", ''Les Cahiers.'' La Societe hitorique acadienne. Vol. 42, No2. June 2011. pp. 99-100</ref> In July 1759, Mi'kmaq and Acadians killed five British in Dartmouth, opposite McNabb's Island.<ref>Beamish Murdoch. ''History of Nova Scotia.'' Vol.2, p. 366</ref>

By 1761, the condition of the Halifax Citadel had deteriorated, and the British built a new one.<ref name=NHS/> Although plans were drafted in 1761, construction was delayed due to events of the Seven Years War.<ref name=NHS/> Given the threat of attack from rebels in the British Thirteen Colonies after the American Revolutionary War started in 1776, the British constructed the Second Citadel in an enlarged version of the 1761 plans.<ref name=NHS/>

===Second Citadel (1776–1795)===
[[File:Halifax from Fort Needham, ca. 1780.png|thumb|Depiction of Citadel Hill during the [[American Revolution]], viewed from Fort Needham, 1780.]]
The first major permanent fortification were completed on Citadel Hill during the American Revolution.<ref name="akins209"/> Built in 1776, the new fort on Citadel Hill was composed of multiple lines of overlapping earthen [[redan]]s backing a large outer palisade wall. At the center was a three-story octagonal blockhouse mounting a fourteen-gun battery and accommodating 100 troops. These works required that the hill be cut down by {{convert|40|ft|m|round=0.5|abbr=off|order=flip}}. The entire fortress mounted 72 guns.<ref>Piers, p. 16-17</ref> Citadel Hill and the associated harbour defence fortifications afforded the [[Royal Navy]] the most secure and strategic base in eastern North America from its [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax|Halifax Dockyard]] commanding the [[Great Circle Route]] to western Europe and gave Halifax the nickname "Warden of The North". The massive British military presence in Halifax focused through Citadel Hill and the Royal Navy's dockyard is thought to be one of the main reasons that Nova Scotia—the fourteenth British colony—remained loyal to the Crown throughout and after the [[American Revolutionary War]].

Neither French nor American forces attacked Citadel Hill during the American Revolution. But the garrison remained on guard because of the numerous rebel American [[privateer]] raids on villages around the province (such as the [[Raid on Lunenburg (1782)|Raid on Lunenburg]]), and the [[Naval battle off Halifax|naval battles off the shore of Halifax]].

By 1784 the fortification was in ruins except for the blockhouse.<ref name=NHS/> During the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], the British [[Commander-in-Chief, North America]], [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn|Prince Edward]], found the fortifications inadequate for the city's defence.<ref name=NHS/> Although plans for the Third Citadel were drafted in 1795, construction for the new fortification did not begin until 1796, after the Second Citadel was dismantled.<ref name=NHS/>

===Third Citadel (1796–1828)===
[[File:Halifax Town Clock 2022 Cropped.jpg|thumb|Built in 1803, the [[Halifax Town Clock]] is a major landmark built on the eastern slope of Citadel Hill.]]
The [[French Revolutionary Wars]] that began in 1793 raised a new threat to Halifax. A new citadel was designed in 1794 and completed by 1800. Much of the work was inspired by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of King George III and the father of Queen Victoria, who was posted to Halifax as Commander-in-chief from 1794 to 1800. The top of the hill was levelled and lowered a further {{convert|15|ft|m|round=0.5|abbr=off|order=flip}} to accommodate a larger fortress on the summit. It resembled the outline of the final Citadel, comprising four bastions surrounding a central barracks and magazine, but used mainly earthwork walls.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://parks.canada.ca/lhn-nhs/ns/halifax/index|title=Halifax Citadel National Historic Site - index|first=Government of Canada|last=Parks Canada Agency|date=August 18, 2021|website=parks.canada.ca}}</ref> One bastion was constructed by [[Jamaican Maroons]], who were transported from the Caribbean.

[[Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn|Prince Edward, Duke of Kent]] commissioned the [[Halifax Town Clock]] in 1800 prior to his return to England. The Halifax Town Clock opened on 20 October 1803, at a location on the east slope of Citadel Hill on Barrack (now Brunswick) Street. It continues to keep time for the community in the 21st century. Nova Scotia's first Tel-graph system developed to pass on news of approaching ships to the Citadel and extended to Annapolis Royal. This system of flag communications begins at the [[Camperdown Signal Station]], just north of Duncan's Cove.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/63970/dalrev_vol27_iss2_pp131_142.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=NOVA SCOTIA'S FIRST TELEGRAPH SYSTEM|access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coastalradio.org.uk/worldcoastal/halifax2/halifax2.htm|title = Halifax Coast Guard Radio VCS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3271973|title=Camperdown, Halifax, Nova Scotia Plans and sections of Barracks and Signal Station.|date=March 21, 1878|via=The National Archives (UK)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coastalradio.org.uk/spud/spud/spud02.pdf. |title=THE DUKE OF KENT's SIGNAL STATIONS |website=www.coastalradio.org.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073738/http://www.coastalradio.org.uk/spud/spud/spud02.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-10|access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref>

The Third Citadel received hasty repairs and a new magazine during the [[War of 1812]] in case of an American raid, but the British did not construct new fortifications. The significant British [[Royal Navy]] presence in this area made an American siege unlikely. By 1825 all the works except the powder magazine were in ruins, and a new citadel was being designed.<ref name=NHS/>