Editing Chrysippus (section)

== Life ==
Presumably of [[Phoenicia]]n descent,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Zeyl|editor-first1=Donald J.|editor-last2=Devereux|editor-first2=Daniel T.|editor-last3=Mitsis|editor-first3=Phillip T.|date=2013|title=Encyclopedia of Classical Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUGzAQAAQBAJ|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=135|isbn=9781134270781}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Chrysippus/|title=Chrysippus of Soli|last1=O'Connor|first1=J J|last2=Robertson|first2=E F|date=April 1999|website=mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland}}</ref> Chrysippus was the son of Apollonius of [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]], and he was born at [[Soli, Cilicia]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Gould|1970|p=7}}, citing Diogenes Laërtius, vii. 179; Galen, ''Protreptic'', 7; ''de Differentia Pulsuum'', 10</ref> He was slight in stature,<ref name="laertius182">Diogenes Laërtius, vii. 182</ref> and is reputed to have trained as a long-distance runner.<ref name="laertius179">Diogenes Laërtius, vii. 179</ref> While still young, he lost his substantial inherited property when it was confiscated to the king's treasury.<ref>Diogenes Laërtius, vii. 181.</ref>{{efn|The king is not named, but [[Cilicia]] was contested between [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]] and [[Antiochus I Soter]] during this period.<ref>cf. {{Harvnb|Green|1993|p=639}}</ref>}} Chrysippus moved to [[Athens]], where he became the disciple of [[Cleanthes]], who was then the head (''[[scholarch]]'') of the Stoic school.<ref>Diogenes Laërtius, vii. 179.</ref>{{efn|The claim that he studied under Zeno is less likely because Zeno died in 262/1.<ref>cf. {{Harvnb|Dorandi|1999|p=40}}</ref>}} He is believed to have attended the courses of [[Arcesilaus]] and his successor [[Lacydes of Cyrene|Lacydes]], in the [[Platonic Academy]].<ref name="laertius184">Diogenes Laërtius, vii. 184</ref>

Chrysippus threw himself eagerly into the study of the Stoic system. His reputation for learning among his contemporaries was considerable.<ref name="laertius179"/> He was noted for intellectual audacity and self-confidence and his reliance on his own ability was shown, among other things, in the request he is supposed to have made to Cleanthes: "Give me the principles, and I will find the proofs myself."<ref name="laertius179"/> He succeeded Cleanthes as head of the Stoic school when Cleanthes died, in around 230 BC.

Chrysippus was a prolific writer. He is said to rarely have gone without writing 500 lines a day<ref name="laertius181">Diogenes Laërtius, vii. 181</ref> and he composed more than 705 works.<ref name="laertius180">Diogenes Laërtius, vii. 180</ref> His desire to be comprehensive meant that he would take both sides of an argument<ref name="laertius184"/> and his opponents accused him of filling his books with the quotations of others.<ref>Diogenes Laërtius, vii. 181, x. 26–27</ref> He was considered diffuse and obscure in his utterances and careless in his style, but his abilities were highly regarded, and he came to be seen as a preeminent authority for the school.<ref name="davidson614">{{Harvnb|Davidson|1908|p=614}}</ref>

[[File:Chrysippus of Soli - Delle Vite de Filosofi di Diogene Laertio 1606.png|thumb|right|Final moments in the life of Chrysippus. Engraving from 1606.]]
He died during the 143rd [[Olympiad]] (208–204 BC) at the age of 73.<ref name="dorandi1"/> [[Diogenes Laërtius]] gives two different accounts of his death.<ref name="laertius185">Diogenes Laërtius, vii. 185</ref> In the first account, Chrysippus was seized with dizziness having drunk undiluted [[Ancient Greece and wine|wine]] at a feast, and died soon after. In the second account, he was watching a donkey eat some [[Common fig|figs]] and cried out: "Now give the [[donkey]] a drink of pure wine to wash down the figs", whereupon he [[Death from laughter|died in a fit of laughter]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Inwood |first=Brad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYWpgGunBBAC |title=The Stoics Reader: Selected Writings and Testimonia |last2=Gerson |first2=Lloyd P. |date=2008-09-11 |publisher=Hackett Publishing |isbn=978-1-60384-376-8 |language=en}}</ref> His nephew [[Aristocreon]] erected a statue in his honour in the [[Kerameikos]].<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''De Stoicorum Repugnantiis''; Diogenes Laërtius, vii. 183</ref> Chrysippus was succeeded as head of the Stoic school by his pupil [[Zeno of Tarsus]].<ref>Eusebius, ''[[Praeparatio Evangelica]]'', 15. 18; Diogenes Laërtius, vii. 35</ref>

Of his written works, none survived except as fragments quoted in the works of later authors like [[Cicero]], [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], [[Galen]], [[Plutarch]], and others. In 2004, segments from ''Logical Questions'' and ''On Providence'' were discovered among the [[Herculaneum papyri]].<ref name="fitzgerald">{{Harvnb|Fitzgerald|2004|p=11}}</ref> A third work by Chrysippus may also be among them.<ref name="fitzgerald"/>