Editing Chromosome (section)

== Etymology ==

The word ''chromosome'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|oʊ|m|ə|ˌ|s|oʊ|m|,_|-|ˌ|z|oʊ|m}})<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=[[English Pronouncing Dictionary]] |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|chromosome}}</ref> comes from the [[Ancient Greek]] words {{wikt-lang|grc|χρῶμα}} (''{{grc-transl|χρῶμα}}'', "colour") and {{wikt-lang|grc|σῶμα}} (''{{grc-transl|σῶμα}}'', "body"), describing the strong [[stain]]ing produced by particular [[dye]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Biological Stains: A Handbook on the Nature and Uses of the Dyes Employed in the Biological Laboratory |last=Coxx|first=H. J. |publisher=Commission on Standardization of Biological Stains |year=1925 |url=https://archive.org/stream/biologicalstains00conn/biologicalstains00conn_djvu.txt}}</ref> The term was coined by the German anatomist [[Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Waldeyer-Hartz | year = 1888 | title = Über Karyokinese und ihre Beziehungen zu den Befruchtungsvorgängen | journal = Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie und Entwicklungsmechanik | volume = 32 | page = 27 }}</ref> referring to the term '[[chromatin]]', which was introduced by [[Walther Flemming]].

Some of the early [[Karyotype|karyological]] terms have become outdated.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Garbari | first1 = Fabio | last2 = Bedini | first2 = Gianni | last3 = Peruzzi | first3 = Lorenzo | name-list-style = vanc | year = 2012 | title = Chromosome numbers of the Italian flora. From the Caryologia foundation to present | journal = Caryologia – International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics | volume = 65 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–66 | doi = 10.1080/00087114.2012.678090 | s2cid = 83748967 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peruzzi L, Garbari F, Bedini G | year = 2012 | title = New trends in plant cytogenetics and cytoembryology: Dedicated to the memory of Emilio Battaglia | journal = Plant Biosystems| volume = 146 | issue = 3 | pages = 674–675 | doi = 10.1080/11263504.2012.712553 | bibcode = 2012PBios.146..674P | s2cid = 83749502 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11263504.2012.712553| url-access = subscription }}</ref> For example, 'chromatin' (Flemming 1880) and 'chromosom' (Waldeyer 1888) both ascribe color to a non-colored state.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Battaglia | first = Emilio | year = 2009 | title = Caryoneme alternative to chromosome and a new caryological nomenclature | journal = Caryologia – International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = 1–80 | url = http://www.caryologia.unifi.it/past_volumes/62_4supplement/62-4_supplement.pdf | access-date = 6 November 2017 }}</ref>