Editing Chongqing (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Chongqing}}

===Antiquity===
Chongqing's location is historically associated with the [[Ba (state)|State of Ba]]. Its capital was first called Jiangzhou ({{lang|zh-hant|江州}}).<ref name="chongqing_3gorges">{{cite book |title=Chongqing & The Three Gorges |author1=Kim Hunter Gordon |author2=Jesse Watson |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSNOR3qt6DwC |pages=38–40 |publisher=Kim Hunter Gordon |isbn=978-7-5022-5215-1 |access-date=26 August 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419201440/https://books.google.com/books?id=vSNOR3qt6DwC |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Imperial era===
Jiangzhou subsequently remained under [[Qin Shi Huang]]'s rule during the [[Qin dynasty]], the successor of the Qin State, as well as the rule of [[Han dynasty]] emperors.
Jiangzhou was subsequently renamed during the [[Northern and Southern dynasties]] to Chu Prefecture ({{lang|zh-hant|楚州}}), then again in 581&nbsp;AD ([[Sui dynasty]]) to [[Yú Prefecture|Yu Prefecture]] ({{lang|zh-hant|渝州}}), and later in 1102 during [[Northern Song]] to Gong Prefecture ({{lang|zh-hant|恭州}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.cq.gov.cn/AboutChongqing/1920.htm |title=Chongqing's History with the State of Ba |publisher=Chongqing Municipal Government |date=6 December 2007 |access-date=2 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630171340/http://en.cq.gov.cn/AboutChongqing/1920.htm |archive-date=30 June 2012 }}</ref> The name Yu however survives to this day as an abbreviation for Chongqing, as well as for the city's historic center, where the old town once stood; its name is Yuzhong ({{lang|zh-hant|渝中}}, Central Yu).<ref name="chongqing_3gorges"/> It received its current name in 1189, after Prince [[Emperor Guangzong of Song|Zhao Dun]] of the [[Southern Song dynasty]] described his crowning as king and then [[Emperor Guangzong of Song|Emperor Guangzong]] as a "double celebration" ({{lang-zh |s=双重喜庆 |t=雙重喜慶 |p=shuāngchóng xǐqìng }}, or ''chóngqìng'' in short). To mark the occasion of his enthronement, Yu Prefecture was therefore converted to Chongqing [[Fu (administrative division)|Fu]].

In 1362 (during the [[Yuan dynasty]]), [[Ming Yuzhen]], a peasant rebel leader, established the Daxia Kingdom ({{lang|zh-hant|大夏}}) at Chongqing for a short time.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://neohumanism.org/m/mi/ming_yuzhen.html |title = Ming Yuzhen Information |website = Neohumanism.com |access-date = 2 July 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160207054017/http://neohumanism.org/m/mi/ming_yuzhen.html |archive-date = 7 February 2016 |url-status = live |df = dmy-all }}</ref> In 1621 (during the [[Ming dynasty]]), another short-lived kingdom of Daliang ({{lang|zh-hant|大梁}}) was established by She Chongming ({{lang|zh-hant|奢崇明}}) with Chongqing as its capital.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xXLg4cTZcDkC |title = Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries, and Human Geographies in Chinese History |author1 = Nicola di Cosmo |author2 = Don J. Wyatt |date = 3 July 2003 |access-date = 2 July 2012 |isbn = 9780203987957 |archive-date = 16 April 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230416035707/https://books.google.com/books?id=xXLg4cTZcDkC |url-status = live }}</ref> In 1644, after the fall of the Ming dynasty to a rebel army, Chongqing, together with the rest of [[Sichuan]], was captured by [[Zhang Xianzhong]], who was said to have massacred a large number of people in Sichuan and depopulated the province, in part by causing many people to flee to safety elsewhere. The [[Manchus]] later conquered the province, and during the [[Qing dynasty]], immigration to Chongqing and Sichuan took place with the support of the [[List of emperors of the Qing dynasty|Qing emperor]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.chinasage.info/dynastyqing.htm |title=The last Qing (Manchu) Dynasty 1644 - 1912 of China |access-date=19 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161107092333/http://www.chinasage.info/dynastyqing.htm |archive-date=7 November 2016  }}</ref>

In 1890, the British Consulate General was opened in Chongqing.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cq.xinhuanet.com/subject/2005/2005-08/12/content_4869354.htm |title=UK Consulate Page |publisher=Cq.xinhuanet.com |date=30 December 2004 |access-date=10 December 2013  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130823092727/http://www.cq.xinhuanet.com/subject/2005/2005-08/12/content_4869354.htm |archive-date=23 August 2013}}</ref> The following year, the city became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners, with the proviso that foreign ships should not be at liberty to trade there until Chinese-owned steamers had succeeded in ascending the [[Yangtze]] river. This restriction was abolished by the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]] in 1895, which declared the city open on the same terms as other ports, although it was not until 1907 that a steamship made the journey without the help of manual haulers.<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Ch'ungk'ing|volume=6|page=324}}</ref> From 1896 to 1904, the American, German, French, and Japanese consulates were opened in Chongqing.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cq.xinhuanet.com/subject/2005/2005-08/12/content_4868903.htm |title=French Consulate Page |publisher=Cq.xinhuanet.com |date=30 December 2004 |access-date=10 December 2013  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130823091031/http://www.cq.xinhuanet.com/subject/2005/2005-08/12/content_4868903.htm |archive-date=23 August 2013  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.chongqing.cn.emb-japan.go.jp/index_c.htm |title = Japanese Consulate Page |website = Chongqing.cn.emb-japan.go.jp |access-date = 10 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120709162530/http://www.chongqing.cn.emb-japan.go.jp/index_c.htm |archive-date = 9 July 2012 |url-status = live |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.us-passport-service-guide.com/us-consulate-in-china.html |title=US Consulate Page |website=Us-passport-service-guide.com |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723134336/http://www.us-passport-service-guide.com/us-consulate-in-china.html |archive-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://2011.cqlib.cn/article_detail.asp?cid=13&rid=1&did=622 |title=German Consulate Page |website = 2011.cqlib.cn |access-date=10 December 2013  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130823053235/http://2011.cqlib.cn/article_detail.asp?cid=13&rid=1&did=622 |archive-date=23 August 2013  }}</ref>

===Provisional wartime capital of the Republic of China===
{{Main|Bombing of Chongqing}}
[[File:China from the Eyes of the Flying Tigers 1944-1945 57.jpg|thumb|left|A street scene in Chongqing, {{Circa|1944}}]]
During and after the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], from November 1937 to May 1946, it was Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s provisional capital. After the General and remaining army had lived there for a time following their retreat in 1938 from the previous capital of [[Wuhan]], it was formally declared the second capital city ({{lang-zh|c=陪都|p=péidū|w=p'ei2-tu1|labels=no}}) on 6 September 1940.<ref name="Revisiting Chongqing: China's Secon">{{cite journal |last1=Danielson |first1=Eric N. |title=Revisiting Chongqing: China's Second World War Temporary National Capital |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch |date=2005 |volume=45 |page=175 |jstor=23889883 }}</ref> After Britain, the United States, and other Allies entered the war in Asia in December 1941, one of the Allies' deputy commanders of operations in Southeast Asia (Southeast Asia Command SEAC), [[Joseph Stilwell]], was based in the city.

The city was also visited by Lord [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]], the Supreme Commander of SEAC which was itself headquartered in Sri Lanka. Chiang Kai Shek as Supreme Commander in China worked closely with Stilwell.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/stilwell-in-china-the-worst-command-in-the-war/ |title=Stilwell in China: The Worst Command in the War |access-date=19 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821195614/http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/stilwell-in-china-the-worst-command-in-the-war/ |archive-date=21 August 2016  }} Chiang Kai-shek & Stilwell, Joseph</ref> From 1938 to 1943, the city suffered from continuous [[Bombing of Chongqing|massive bombing]] campaigns of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service|Imperial Japanese Navy]] and [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service|Army Air Force]]s; battles of which were fought entirely by the [[Republic of China Air Force|Chinese Air Force]] squadrons and anti-aircraft artillery units.<ref>{{Cite web|title=揭秘重庆空战：抗战期间出动飞机2159次 - 中国军网|url=http://www.chinamil.com.cn/jsdj/2016-04/11/content_7000656.htm|access-date=2020-11-15|website=www.chinamil.com.cn|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116193000/http://www.chinamil.com.cn/jsdj/2016-04/11/content_7000656.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gustavsson|first=Hakans|title=Håkans Aviation page – Sino-Japanese Air War 1939|url=http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/sino-japanese-1939.htm|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Biplane Fighter Aces - CHINA|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232019/http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/sino-japanese-1939.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Many lives were saved by the air-raid shelters which took advantage of the mountainous terrain. Chongqing was acclaimed to be the "City of Heroes" due to the indomitable spirits of its people as well as their contributions and sacrifices during the war. Many factories and universities were relocated from eastern China and ultimately to Chongqing during years of setbacks in the war, transforming this city from inland port to a heavily industrialized city.

===Chinese Civil War===
After World War II ended, Chongqing became one of the last refuges of the Nationalist Kuomintang government on the Chinese mainland during the [[Chinese Civil War]]. Following the [[Yangtze River Crossing campaign]], the KMT capital of [[Nanjing]] was occupied by the Communists in 23 April. The KMT decamped first to [[Guangzhou]], then Chongqing. Chongqing served as the KMT capital until late November 1949, when the Nationalist KMT government withdrew from the city by air.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.needham.k12.ma.us/nhs/cur/wwii/06/p1/mjm/WWII-Chang.html |title=WWII Era History of Chongqing |publisher=.needham.k12.ma.us |date=23 October 1944 |access-date=10 December 2013  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606163106/http://www2.needham.k12.ma.us/nhs/cur/wwii/06/p1/mjm/WWII-Chang.html |archive-date=6 June 2013  }}</ref>

===Municipality status===
[[File:A Sunset View of Chongqing Central Business District.jpg|thumb|right|A sunset view of [[Jiefangbei CBD]] and Hongya Cave, taken in 2017]]
On 14 March 1997, the Eighth [[National People's Congress]] decided to merge the [[sub-provincial city]] with adjacent [[Fuling]], [[Wanxian]], and [[Qianjiang, Chongqing|Qianjiang]] prefectures that it had governed on behalf of the province since September 1996, and grant it independence from Sichuan. The resulting single entity became Chongqing Municipality,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Šebok |first=Filip |title=Contemporary China: a New Superpower? |publisher=[Routledge |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-03-239508-1 |editor-last=Kironska |editor-first=Kristina |chapter=China's Political System |editor-last2=Turscanyi |editor-first2=Richard Q.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=74}} containing 30,020,000 people in forty-three former [[County (People's Republic of China)|counties]] without intermediate political levels. The municipality became the spearhead of China's effort to develop its western regions and to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the [[Three Gorges Dam]] project. Its first official ceremony took place on 18 June 1997.

On 8 February 2010, Chongqing became one of the nine [[National Central Cities]], along with Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Wuhan, Xi'an, and Zhengzhou. According to Zhou Liqun, a consultant for National Development and Reform Commission of China, Chongqing's status as a National Central City would encourage the development of [[Western China]]. Chongqing, which is located in central-western China, would complement the other National Central Cities, all of which are located along China's eastern coastline.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/6892862.html |title=Chongqing becomes 5th National Central city |publisher=People's Daily |date=10 February 2010 |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518015855/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/6892862.html |archive-date=18 May 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref> The same year on 18 June, the [[Liangjiang New Area]] was established in Chongqing, which was the third state-level [[new areas|new area]] at the time of its establishment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gochina.scmp.com/chongqing/business/room-expansion |title=Establishment of the Liangjiang New Area |publisher=Gochina.scmp.com |date=25 November 2013 |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054358/http://www.scmp.com/news/china }}</ref>

{| cellpadding="6"
| [[file:Chongqing Map Alt2.png|x350px]]
| {{color box|#404FD9}}{{color box|#979FEA}} Former Prefecture-Level City of Chongqing<br />{{color box|#22B14C}}{{color box|#97EAA5}} Former Prefecture-Level City of Fuling<br />{{color box|#FF9933}}{{color box|#FFCC66}} Former Prefecture-Level City of Wanxian<br />{{color box|#00A2E8}}{{color box|#57CDFF}} Former Prefecture of Qianjiang
| {{color box|#404FD9}} Districts composing the Main urban area of Chongqing city<Br>{{color box|#979FEA}}{{color box|#22B14C}}{{color box|#FF9933}}{{color box|#00A2E8}} Districts<br />{{color box|#97EAA5}}{{color box|#FFCC66}} Counties<br />{{color box|#57CDFF}} Autonomous Counties
|}