Editing Chinon (section)

==History==
The historic town of Chinon is on the banks of the river [[Vienne (river)|Vienne]] about {{convert|10|km|0}} from where it joins the [[Loire]]. Settlement in Chinon dates from prehistoric times,<ref>{{citation |last=Pérouse de Montclos |first=Jean-Marie |title=Châteaux of the Loire Valley |year=1997 |publisher=Könemann |isbn=978-3-89508-598-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chateauxofloirev00jean/page/178 178] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/chateauxofloirev00jean/page/178 }}</ref> with a pronounced importance for both French and English history in the Middle Ages. At this period rivers were the main trade routes,<ref>{{citation |last=Clark |first=J. G. D. |title=Prehistoric Europe: the economic basis |year=1952 |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=282}}</ref> and the Vienne joins both the fertile regions of the [[Poitou]] and the city of [[Limoges]], and is a tributary of the Loire, which acted as a traffic thoroughfare.<ref>{{citation |last=Garrett |first=Martin |year=2011 |title=The Loire: A Cultural History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-976839-4 |page=xv}}</ref> The site was fortified early on, and by the 5th&nbsp;century a [[Gallo-Roman]] ''[[castrum]]'' had been established there.<ref>{{citation |last=Wheeler |first=Daniel |title=The Chateaux of France |year=1983 |publisher=Vendome Press |isbn=978-0-86565-036-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chateauxoffrance0000unse/page/14 14] |url=https://archive.org/details/chateauxoffrance0000unse/page/14 }}</ref>

Towards the mid 5th century, a disciple of [[Martin of Tours|St Martin]], St Mexme, established first a hermitage, and then a monastery to the east of the town. This religious foundation bearing his name flourished in the medieval period, being rebuilt and extended four times. The eventual complex contained a large and highly decorated church and a square of canons' residences. Closure and partial demolition during and after the [[French Revolution|Revolution of 1789]] have damaged this once very important church. The imposing second façade still stands, with its nave dating from the year 1000 AD. Its important remains have been restored as historical monument and a cultural centre.<ref>Saint-Mexme de Chinon, CTHS Editions, 2006</ref>

During the Middle Ages, Chinon further developed, especially under [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] (Henry [[House of Plantagenet|Plantagenêt]], [[Count of Anjou]], and crowned King of England in 1154). The castle was rebuilt and extended, becoming his administrative center and a favourite residence. It was where court was frequently held during the [[Angevin Empire]].

On Henry's death at the castle in 1189, Chinon first passed to his eldest surviving son from his marriage with [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]], [[Richard I the Lionheart]]. On Richard's death in 1199, it then passed to the youngest of their children, [[John Lackland]]. King John would lose the castle in a siege in 1205 to the French king [[Philip II Augustus]], from which date it was included in the French royal estates as the royal duchy of [[Touraine]].<ref>Martin Aurell, The Plantagenet Empire</ref>

The castle in Chinon served as a prison for a time when [[Philip IV the Fair]] ordered the [[Knights Templar]] arrested in 1307. [[Jacques de Molay]], Grand Master, and a few other dignitaries of the [[Order of the Temple]] were incarcerated there prior to trial and eventual execution.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barber |first=Malcolm |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30478165 |title=The Trial of the Templars |date= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-521-45727-0 |edition=Canto |location=Cambridge |pages=1–2 |language=en |oclc=30478165}}</ref>

Chinon again played a significant role in the struggle for the throne between the French and the English during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453) when the heir apparent, the future [[Charles VII of France]] sought refuge and installed his court there in 1425. The province remained faithful to him and he made lengthy stays with his court there. In 1429, the 17-year-old [[Joan of Arc]] came to Chinon to meet and to acknowledge him as the rightful heir to the throne. After interrogation to prove she had been sent on a mission from God and with the men and arms then accorded to her, she would go on to break the siege of [[Orléans]] in June and open the way for Charles to be crowned at [[Reims]] in July 1429. The meetings in Chinon with the future [[Charles VII of France]] and his acceptance of her constituted the turning point of the war, helping to establish both firmer national boundaries and sentiment.<ref>Regine Pernoud, Joan of Arc : By Herself and Her Witnesses</ref>

Chinon also served [[Louis XII]] as he waited for the papal legate [[Cesare Borgia]] to bring the annulment papers from [[Joan of France, Duchess of Berry|Jeanne de France]], enabling him to marry [[Anne of Brittany]] in 1498, and thus solidifying an even more coherent French territory.<ref>Frederic J. Baumgartner, Louis XII.</ref>

In 1490, the commune of Chinon was the birthplace of the writer, humanist, humorist, philosopher and satirist [[François Rabelais]],<ref name=Saintsbury/> author of ''[[Gargantua and Pantagruel]]'' amongst other works, which figure in the canon of great world literature. The region is the scene of these fantastic, critical and observant adventures.

From the 16th century, Chinon was no longer a royal residence, and in 1631 it became part of the estates of the [[Duke of Richelieu]], who neglected the fortress. Apart from townhouses and convents that were built, the city changed little up to the [[French Revolution|Revolution]]. In the 1820s, however, the fortifications were pulled down and the banks of the river Vienne were opened up to the outside.

In the late 19th and 20th centuries, Chinon grew to the east, towards the railway station, and to the north on the hill. The historic centre was registered as a conservation area in 1968, and since that time has been undergoing restoration in order to preserve its historic, natural and architectural identity.