Editing Chickpea (section)

==Etymology==

Chickpeas have been cultivated for at least ten thousand years.<ref name="Dean2012"/>  Cultivation spread from the [[Fertile Crescent]] eastward toward [[South Asia]] and into Europe through the [[Balkans]].<ref name="Nene2006"/><ref name="Mikic2011a"/>  [[Historical linguistics]] have found ancestral words relating to chickpeas in the prehistoric [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European language family]] that evolved into the [[Indo-European languages]].<ref name="Mikic2011b"/>  The [[Proto-Indo-European root]]s ''{{PIE|*kek-}}'' and ''{{PIE|*k'ik'-}}'' that denoted both {{gloss|pea}} and {{gloss|oat}} appeared in the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] of Eastern Europe between 4,500 and 2,500 BCE.<ref name="Mikic2019"/>{{rp|49}}<ref name="Mikic2012"/><ref name="Balter2015"/>  As speakers of the language became isolated from each other through the [[Indo-European migrations]], the regional dialects diverged due to contact with other languages and dialects, and transformed into the known ancient Indo-European languages.<ref name="Campbell2020"/>{{rp|243–244}}  The [[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]] word {{lang|prg-latn|kekêrs}}, appearing between 1 and 100 CE, retained the {{gloss|pea}} meaning of the word, but in most cases, the word came to be used to denote chickpeas.<ref name="Mikic2012"/>   In [[Ancient Macedonian language|Old Macedonian]], the word {{lang|xmk|κίκερροι}} appeared between 1000 and 400 BCE, and may have evolved from the [[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Hellenic]] word {{lang|grk-x-proto|*κικριός}}.<ref name="Mikic2012"/> In [[Ancient Rome]], the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|cicer}} for chickpeas appeared around 700 BCE,<ref name="Mikic2012"/> and is probably derived from the  word {{lang|mis|kickere}} used by the [[Pelasgians]] that inhabited north Greece before Greek-speaking tribes took over.<ref name="VanDerMaesen1987"/>{{rp|13}} The [[Old Armenian]] word {{lang|xcl-latn|siseŕn}} for chickpeas appeared before 400 CE.<ref name="Mikic2012"/>  Over time, [[Linkage (linguistics)|linkages]] between languages led to other descendant words, including the [[Albanian language|Albanian]] word {{lang|sq|qiqër}}, the [[Swedish language|Swedish]] word {{lang|sv|kikärt}}, the [[Slovak language|Slovak]] word {{lang|sk|cícer}}, the [[Estonian language|Estonian]] word {{lang|et|kikerhernes}}, the [[Basque language|Basque]] word {{lang|eu|txitxirio}}, and the [[Maltese language|Maltese]] word {{lang|mt|cicra}}.<ref name="Mikic2011b"/>

The Latin word {{lang|la|cicer}} evolved into words for chickpeas in nearly all extinct and living [[Romance languages]], including the [[Andalusi Romance|Mozarabic]] word {{lang|mxi-latn|chíchar}}; the [[Catalan language|Catalan]] words {{lang|ca|ceirons}}, {{lang|ca|cigró}}, {{lang|ca|cigronera}}, {{lang|ca|cigrons}} and {{lang|ca|ciurons}}; the [[Walloon language|Walloon]] words {{lang|wa|poes d' souke}}; the [[Old French]] words {{lang|fro|ceire}} and {{lang|fro|cice}}; and the [[French language|Modern French]] terms {{lang|fr|cicérole}}, {{lang|fr|cicer tete-de-belier}}, and {{lang|fr|pois chiche}}.<ref name="Mikic2019"/>{{rp|50}}  These words were borrowed by many geographically neighboring languages, such as the French term {{lang|fr|pois chiche}} becoming {{lang|ang-latn|chich-pease}} in [[Old English]].<ref name="Cohen1991"/><ref name="Dean2012"/>  The word ''pease'', like the modern words for wheat and corn, was both singular and plural, but since it had an "s" sound at the end of it which became associated with the plural form of nouns, English speakers by the end of the 17th century were starting to refer to a single grain of pease as a ''pea''.<ref name="Dean2012"/>

Other important Proto-Indo-European roots relating to chickpeas are ''{{PIE|*erəgw[h]-}}'', ''{{PIE|eregw(h)o-}}'', and ''{{PIE|erogw(h)o-}}'', which were used to denote both the kernel of a [[legume]] and a pea.<ref name="Mikic2019"/>{{rp|51}}  This root evolved into the [[Greek language|Greek]] word {{lang|grc-latn|erebinthos}}, mentioned in ''[[The Iliad]]'' in around 800 BCE and in ''[[Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia Plantarum]]'' by [[Theophrastus]], written between 350 and 287 BCE.<ref name="VanDerMaesen1987"/>{{rp|13}}  The [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] words {{lang|pt|ervanço}} and {{lang|pt|gravanço}}; the [[Asturian language|Asturian]] word {{lang|ast|garbanzu}}; the [[Galician language|Galician]] word {{lang|gl|garavanzo}}; the French words {{lang|fr|garvanche}}, {{lang|fr|garvance}}, and {{lang|fr|garvane}}; and the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] word {{lang|es|garbanzo}} are all related to the Greek term.<ref name="Mikic2019"/>{{rp|51}}<ref name="VanDerMaesen1987"/>{{rp|13}}  In [[American English]], the term ''garbanzo'' to refer to the chickpea appeared in writing as early as 1759,<ref name="Gold2009"/>{{rp|87}} and the seed is also referred to as a garbanzo bean.<ref name="Gold2009"/>{{rp|88}}<ref name="VanDerMaesen1972"/>{{rp|34}}