Editing Chemotaxis (section)

== History of chemotaxis research ==

Although migration of cells was detected from the early days of the development of microscopy by [[Leeuwenhoek]], a Caltech lecture regarding chemotaxis propounds that 'erudite description of chemotaxis was only first made by [[Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann|T. W. Engelmann]] (1881) and [[Wilhelm Pfeffer|W. F. Pfeffer]] (1884) in bacteria, and [[Herbert Spencer Jennings|H. S. Jennings]] (1906) in [[ciliate]]s'.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Phillips R | title = How Cells Decide Where to Go: The Case of Bacterial Chemotaxis | work = Chemotaxis Lecture | date = 2007 | url = http://www.rpgroup.caltech.edu/courses/aph161/2007/lectures/ChemotaxisLecture.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100619184346/http://www.rpgroup.caltech.edu/courses/aph161/2007/lectures/ChemotaxisLecture.pdf |archive-date = 19 June 2010 | access-date = 15 April 2017 }}</ref> The Nobel Prize laureate [[Élie Metchnikoff|I. Metchnikoff]] also contributed to the study of the field during 1882 to 1886, with investigations of the process as an initial step of [[phagocytosis]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Élie Metchnikoff | url = https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elie-Metchnikoff | date = 12 May 2024 | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. }}</ref> The significance of chemotaxis in biology and clinical pathology was widely accepted in the 1930s, and the most fundamental definitions underlying the phenomenon were drafted by this time.{{By whom|date=April 2017}} The most important aspects in quality control of [[chemotaxis assay]]s were described by [[Henry Harris (scientist)|H. Harris]] in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Roberts B, Chung E, Yu SH, Li SZ | collaboration = Mathematical Method of Bioengineering Group Presentation | work = Integrated Systems Neuroengineering | publisher = University of California - San Diego| title = Keller-Segel Models for Chemotaxis | date = 2012 | url = http://www.isn.ucsd.edu/courses/Beng221/problems/2012/BENG221_Project%20-%20Roberts%20Chung%20Yu%20Li.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170829175316/http://www.isn.ucsd.edu/courses/beng221/problems/2012/BENG221_Project%20-%20Roberts%20Chung%20Yu%20Li.pdf | archive-date=29 August 2017 | access-date = 1 April 2017 }}</ref> In the 1960s and 1970s, the revolution of modern cell biology and biochemistry provided a series of novel techniques that became available to investigate the migratory responder cells and subcellular fractions responsible for chemotactic activity.<ref name="pmid4873021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Snyderman R, Gewurz H, Mergenhagen SE | title = Interactions of the complement system with endotoxic lipopolysaccharide. Generation of a factor chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes | journal = The Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 128 | issue = 2 | pages = 259–75 | date = August 1968 | pmid = 4873021 | pmc = 2138524 | doi = 10.1084/jem.128.2.259 }}</ref> The availability of this technology led to the discovery of C5a, a major chemotactic factor involved in acute inflammation. The pioneering works of [[Julius Adler (biochemist)|J. Adler]] modernized Pfeffer's capillary assay and represented a significant turning point in understanding the whole process of intracellular signal transduction of bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adler J, Tso WW | s2cid = 7221477 | title = "Decision"-making in bacteria: chemotactic response of Escherichia coli to conflicting stimuli | journal = Science | volume = 184 | issue = 4143 | pages = 1292–4 | date = June 1974 | pmid = 4598187 | doi = 10.1126/science.184.4143.1292 | bibcode = 1974Sci...184.1292A }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Berg H |editor-first1=Howard C. |editor-last1=Berg |s2cid=35733036 |date=2004 |title=E. coli in Motion |url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b97370 |publisher=Springer |page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b97370/page/n26 15], 19–29 |isbn=0-387-00888-8 |doi=10.1007/b97370 |series=Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering }}</ref>