Editing Chattanooga, Tennessee (section)

==History==
{{For timeline}}

===Early history===
The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area were [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. Sites dating back to the [[Upper Paleolithic]] period (c. [[10,000 BCE]]) show continuous human occupation through the [[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic]], [[Woodland period|Woodland]], [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian]]/[[Muscogee|Muskogean]]/[[Yuchi]] (900–[[Yuchi#History|1714]] CE), and [[Cherokee]] (1776–1838) periods. The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of the [[Chickamauga Creek]] is the oldest ({{circa|750 [[Common Era|CE]]}}) remaining visible art in Chattanooga.<ref>{{cite web |last1=kunesh |first1=tom |title=Chickamauga Mound |url=http://www.moccasinbend.net/cita/chickamaugamound/index.html |publisher=Chattanooga InterTribal Association |access-date=March 15, 2019}}</ref>

The [[Citico (Hamilton County, Tennessee)|Citico]] town and mound site was the most significant [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian]]/[[Muscogee]] landmark in Chattanooga up to 1915. The first part of the name "Chattanooga" derives from the [[Muskogean]] word ''cvto'' /chắtȯ/ – 'rock'.<ref>A Dictionary of Creek/Muskogee, Margaret McKane Mauldin</ref> The latter may be derived from a regional suffix ''-nuga'' meaning dwelling or dwelling place. It is also believed to be derived from the Creek Indian word ''Chat-to-to-noog-gee'', meaning 'rock rising to a point', which is speculated to be a reference to Lookout Mountain.<ref>{{cite news|last=Omarzu|first=Tim|date=May 31, 2016|title=Chattanooga may mean 'rock rising to a point' — after Lookout Mountain
|url=https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/fyi/2015/story/2016/may/31/chattanoogmay-merock-rising-point-after-loo/368527/|work=Chattanooga Times Free Press|access-date=October 28, 2020}}</ref>

The earliest Cherokee occupation of the area dates from 1776, when [[Dragging Canoe]] separated himself from the main tribe to establish resistance to European settlement during the [[Cherokee–American wars]]. In 1816 [[John Ross (Cherokee chief)|John Ross]], who later became [[Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation|Principal Chief]], established [[Ross's Landing]]. Located along what is now Broad Street, it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement, which also extended into Georgia and Alabama.<ref name=tehc />

In 1838, the U.S. government forced the Cherokees, along with other Native Americans, to relocate to the area designated as [[Indian Territory]], in what is now the state of [[Oklahoma]]. Their journey west became known as the "[[Trail of Tears]]" for their exile and fatalities along the way. The U.S. Army used Ross's Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or "emigration depots", where Native Americans were held before the journey on the Trail of Tears.<ref name=vott>Vicki Rozema, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7zgcpmg8vcC&dq=trail+of+tears,+emigration+depots&pg=PA20 Voices from the Trail of Tears]. ''Voices from the Trail of Tears'', 2003. Retrieved August 19, 2009.</ref>

In 1839, the community of Ross's Landing incorporated as the city of Chattanooga. The city grew quickly, initially benefiting from a location well-suited for river commerce. With the arrival of the railroad in 1850, Chattanooga became a boom town. The city was known as the site "where cotton meets corn," referring to its location along the cultural boundary between the mountain communities of southern Appalachia and the cotton-growing states to the south.<ref name=tehc>Timothy Ezzell, [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=226 Chattanooga]. ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2009. Retrieved: January 17, 2013.</ref>
[[File:Chattanooga Campaign Battles November 24-25.pdf|thumb|upright=1.5|Battles for Chattanooga, November 24&ndash;25, 1863]]

===Civil War===
{{Main|Chattanooga in the American Civil War}}
During the [[American Civil War]], Chattanooga was a center of battle. Chattanooga served as a hub connecting fifty percent of the Confederacy's arsenals, those being located in [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]], [[Columbus, Georgia|Columbus]], and [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]]. Chattanooga's [[Confederate railroads in the American Civil War|railroads]] were vital to the Confederacy's transportation of raw material to processing plants for producing small arms munitions.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hughes|first=Micheal Anderson|date=1991|title=The Struggle for Chattanooga, 1862-1863|pages=10|via=ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global}}</ref> During the [[Chickamauga Campaign]], [[Union Army|Union]] artillery [[Second Battle of Chattanooga|bombarded Chattanooga]] as a diversion and occupied it on September 9, 1863. Following the [[Battle of Chickamauga]], the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga. On November 23, 1863, the Battles for Chattanooga began when Union forces led by [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] reinforced troops at Chattanooga and advanced to Orchard Knob against [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops besieging the city. The next day, the [[Battle of Lookout Mountain]] was fought, driving the Confederates off the mountain. On November 25, Grant's army routed the Confederates in the [[Battle of Missionary Ridge]]. In regard to victories won by the Union, Chattanooga marks one of three defining moments that turned the Civil War in their favor. The [[Battle of Gettysburg]] brought the streak of victories obtained by the Confederacy to an end, while the [[Siege of Vicksburg]] split the Confederacy itself in half, while Chattanooga served as the doorway to the [[Deep South]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Russo|first=Valeria A.|date=2000|title=Gateway to Civil War history: [RUN OF PAPER Edition]|journal=Patriot Ledger|via=ProQuest Central}}</ref> These battles were followed the next spring by the [[Atlanta Campaign]], beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward. After the war ended, the city became a major railroad [[transportation hub|hub]] and industrial and manufacturing center.

===1867 flood===
The [[1867 flood of Chattanooga|largest flood in Chattanooga's history]] occurred in 1867, before the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] (TVA) system was created in 1933 by [[United States Congress|Congress]]. The flood crested at {{convert|58|ft}} and completely inundated the city. Since the completion of the reservoir system, the highest Chattanooga flood stage has been nearly {{convert|37|ft}}, which occurred in 1973. Without regulation, the flood would have crested at {{convert|52.4|ft}}.<ref name="tva.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.tva.gov/river/flood/prone.htm |title=Flood-Prone Areas |access-date=February 6, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831223148/http://www.tva.gov/river/flood/prone.htm |archive-date=August 31, 2015 }} Flood-Prone Areas. Tennessee Valley Authority.</ref> Chattanooga was a major priority in the design of the TVA reservoir system and remains a major operating priority in the 21st century.<ref name="tva.gov" />

===20th century===
[[File:Market-street-chatt-1907.jpg|thumb|left|210px|Market Street in 1907]]

In December 1906, Chattanooga was in the national headlines in ''[[United States v. Shipp]],'' as the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]], in the only criminal trial in its history, ruled that [[Hamilton County, Tennessee|Hamilton County]] Sheriff Joseph H. Shipp had violated [[lynching of Ed Johnson|Ed Johnson]]'s civil rights when Shipp allowed a mob to enter the Hamilton County jail and [[Lynching|lynch]] Johnson on the [[Walnut Street Bridge (Chattanooga, Tennessee)|Walnut Street Bridge]].<ref>{{cite news
|title=The lynching that Black Chattanooga never forgot takes center stage downtown
|first=Chris
|last=Moody
|date=March 11, 2021
|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/the-lynching-that-black-chattanooga-never-forgot-takes-center-stage-downtown/2021/03/11/67405b4e-7c27-11eb-85cd-9b7fa90c8873_story.html}}</ref>

Chattanooga grew with the entry of the United States in the [[World War I|First World War]] in 1917; the nearest training camp was in [[Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia]]. The [[Spanish flu|Influenza pandemic of 1918]] closed local movie theaters and pool halls.<ref name="History of Chattanooga from Reconstruction to the Second World War">{{cite web|url=http://ngeorgia.com/tenn/chattanooga2.html|title=Chattanooga, Tennessee (Reconstruction to World War II)|publisher=NGeorgia.com|access-date=August 29, 2012|archive-date=August 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824043151/http://www.ngeorgia.com/tenn/chattanooga2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the 1930s, Chattanooga was known as the "Dynamo of Dixie", inspiring the 1941 [[Glenn Miller]] [[big-band]] [[swing music|swing]] song "[[Chattanooga Choo Choo]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpageschattanooga.com/2011/08/chattanooga-dirtiest-city-in-american.html |title=Chattanooga, Dirtiest City in American &#124; Chattanooga Green City |publisher=The GreenPages Chattanooga |access-date=April 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510013812/http://www.greenpageschattanooga.com/2011/08/chattanooga-dirtiest-city-in-american.html |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Through [[P.R. Olgiati|Mayor P.R. Olgiati's]] efforts, Chattanooga became the first city in Tennessee to have a completed interstate highway system in the latter 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chattanooga.gov/about-chattanooga/history-of-mayors/1951-1963-peter-rudolph-qrudyq-olgiati|title=Peter Rudolph "Rudy" Olgiati|website=Chattanooga.gov|publisher=City of Chattanooga|access-date=November 28, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chattanoogan.com/2004/7/9/52682/Where-Do-Our-Interstate-Highways-Terminate.aspx|title=Where Do Our Interstate Highways Terminate?|work=chattanoogan.com|date=July 9, 2004 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chattanoogaradiotv.com/general/why-did-they-name-it-the-ol-johnny-bridge/|title=Why did they name it the "Ol' Johnny Bridge?"|work=chattanoogaradiotv.com|date=October 24, 2013 |access-date=July 17, 2015}}</ref> In February 1958, Chattanooga became one of the smallest cities in the country with three [[VHF]] television stations: WROM-TV (now [[WTVC|WTVC-TV]]) channel 9 ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]), WRGP-TV (now [[WRCB-TV]]) channel 3 ([[NBC]]), and [[WDEF-TV]] channel 12 ([[CBS]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gtvhof.com/chapterseven.htm|title=Chapter Seven|work=gtvhof.com|access-date=July 17, 2015}}</ref>

The same mountains that provide Chattanooga's scenic backdrop also trap industrial pollutants, which settle over the city. In 1969, the federal government declared that Chattanooga had the dirtiest air in the nation.<ref name="From being the nation's dirtiest city to being one of the nation's cleanest cities">{{cite web|url=http://citiwire.net/columns/healing-the-urban-heart-chattanoogas-next-great-challenge/|title=Healing the Urban Heart: Chattanooga's Next Great Challenge|last=Brandes Gratz|first=Roberta|date=July 7, 2011|publisher=The CitiStates Group|access-date=June 28, 2012|archive-date=March 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315142823/http://citiwire.net/columns/healing-the-urban-heart-chattanoogas-next-great-challenge/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Like other early industrial cities, Chattanooga entered the 1970s with serious socioeconomic challenges, including job layoffs because of de-industrialization, deteriorating city infrastructure, racial tensions, and social division. Chattanooga's population increased by nearly 50,000 in the 1970s. However, this was mostly because the city annexed nearby residential areas.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hightower|first=Cliff|date=August 28, 2009|title=City reveals second phase of annexation|url=https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/news/story/2009/aug/28/city-reveals-second-phase-of-annexation/232465/|work=Chattanooga Times Free Press|location=Chattanooga, Tennessee|access-date=December 21, 2018|archive-date=December 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182934/https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/news/story/2009/aug/28/city-reveals-second-phase-of-annexation/232465/|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the mid-1980s, local leaders launched [[Vision 2000 (Chattanooga)|Vision 2000]], an effort to revitalize and reinvent Chattanooga's culture and economy. Chattanooga's population declined by more than 10% in the 1980s, but regained it over the next two decades, the only major U.S. city to do so in that period.<ref name="timesfreepress.com">{{cite web |date=July 7, 2009 |url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2009/jul/07/city-populations-grow-shift/ |title=City populations grow, shift |publisher=Chattanooga Times Free Press |access-date=November 13, 2011 |archive-date=August 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810060414/http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2009/jul/07/city-populations-grow-shift/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Civil Rights Movement ====
The civil rights movement of Chattanooga began in 1960 when teenage students of Howard High School, inspired by activists in [[Nashville sit-ins|Nashville]] and [[Greensboro sit-ins|Greensboro]], began to organize a similar sit-in protest. Class President Paul Walker, Lehman Pierce and as many as 200 other black students organized peaceful sit-ins at four businesses along one block in downtown Chattanooga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arbuckle |first=Alex |date=February 19, 2017 |title=Newly uncovered photos capture the tense atmosphere outside a 1960 Tennessee sit-in |url=https://mashable.com/feature/chattanooga-sit-ins |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=Mashable |language=en}}</ref> White youth mobs responded with agitation, inflammatory language and violence. By the third day, Mayor Rudy Olgiatti instructed the fire department to utilize water hoses on crowds becoming the first city to utilize this tactic against protesters. Three months later the city would agree to desegregate the downtown businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=February 1960 |url=https://chattanoogahistory.com/february1960.php |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=SAM HALL {{!}} chattanoogahistory.com}}</ref>

Unlike many southern cities the [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.]] did not lead to riots in Chattanooga. Mayor Kelley and Police Commissioner Turner met with young people to defuse the situation and bought the protesters lunch. The frustrated youths voiced their complaints about racial injustice in Chattanooga, but were convinced to peacefully disperse.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2018 |title=John Shearer: Remembering How Chattanooga Reacted In 1968 To M.L. King Jr.'s Death |url=https://www.chattanoogan.com/2018/3/30/365990/John-Shearer-Remembering-How.aspx |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=www.chattanoogan.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 1971, John Franklin Sr. became the first African-American elected official of Chattanooga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2018 |title=Chattanooga history maker John Franklin dies {{!}} Chattanooga Times Free Press |url=https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2018/jun/21/chattanooga-icon-john-p-franklin-sr-dies/ |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=www.timesfreepress.com |language=en}}</ref> However racial tensions related to poverty and education continued to simmer. In the same year, a cancelled concert refusing to give ticket refunds sparked a four-day riot of black youth. An all-night curfew was called and close to 2,000 National Guard troops arrived in the city, setting up a post at City Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shearer |first=John |date=2021-05-28 |title=Remembering The 1971 Racial Crisis That Followed The Wilson Pickett Concert, Part 1 |url=https://www.chattanoogan.com/2021/5/28/429125/John-Shearer-Remembering-The-1971.aspx |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Chattanoogan.com}}</ref> The unrest led to 1 death and 300 arrests.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=James T. Wooten Special to The New York |date=May 25, 1971 |title=Negro Is Killed on Fourth Night of Violence in Chattanooga After 2,000 National Guardsmen Move |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/25/archives/negro-is-killed-on-fourth-night-of-violence-in-chattanooga-after.html |access-date=April 24, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
[[File:1980mural downtown.jpg|left|thumb|A downtown mural memorializing the five Black women who were injured during the 1980 Klan shooting.]]
On April 19, 1980, three [[Ku Klux Klan]] members rode down historic 9th street and opened fire on five black women: Viola Ellison, Lela Mae Evans, Katherine O. Johnson, Opal Lee Jackson and Fannie Crumsey. All of the women survived.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2020 |title=The Case Of A KKK Shooting In 1980 Chattanooga |url=https://www.wutc.org/news/2020-02-19/the-case-of-a-kkk-shooting-in-1980-chattanooga |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=WUTC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zechman |first=Bliss |date=February 20, 2020 |title=86-year-old survivor of 1980 Chattanooga KKK attack shares her story in front of hundreds |url=https://newschannel9.com/news/local/86-year-old-survivor-of-1980-chattanooga-kkk-attack-shares-her-story-in-front-of-hundreds |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=WTVC |language=en}}</ref> When an all-white jury acquitted the three Klan members for their crime, Chattanooga erupted into four nights of rioting.<ref>{{Citation |title=Alton Park Residents Riot in Chattanooga after All-White Jury Acquits Klansmen in Shooting 7/23/80 | date=December 20, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxOqSWhCyK4 |access-date=April 24, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Not deterred by the jury verdict, the five women went on to be plaintiffs in a historic civil lawsuit against the Klan. In 1982, the federal courts ordered the Klan to pay the women $535,000 on account of the attack. This case created the legal strategy for dismantling the Klan across the country in the following years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2020 |title=Cook: Local Klansmen shot these women. Do you know what they did next? {{!}} Chattanooga Times Free Press |url=https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2020/feb/15/local-klansmen-shot-these-women-do-you-know-w/ |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=www.timesfreepress.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 1987, the city's at-large voting process was challenged on the basis that it marginalized the voting power of Black voters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brown v. Board of Com'rs of Chattanooga, Tenn., 722 F. Supp. 380 (E.D. Tenn. 1989) |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/722/380/2592781/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> The issue was initially presented by [[Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin|Lorenzo Ervin]], Annie Thomas and Maxine Cousin to the [[ACLU]] in [[Atlanta]]. Following the case of ''[[Brown v. Board of Commissioners of the City of Chattanooga|Brown v. Board of Commissioners of Chattanooga]],'' the city terminated the at-large voting system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2011 |title=Brown v. Board of Commissioners shifted form of government to boost minorities {{!}} Chattanooga Times Free Press |url=https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2011/oct/13/court-case-dramatically-shifts-form-of/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |website=www.timesfreepress.com |language=en}}</ref>

===21st century===
[[File:Downtown chattanooga.JPG|thumbnail|right|Downtown Chattanooga, viewed from [[Lookout Mountain]]]]
[[File:Typeface sample Chatype.png|thumbnail|right|''Chatype'', the typeface used by Chattanooga]]

Chattanooga launched the first government-provided one-gigabit-per-second Internet service in the United States in September 2010, provided through the city-owned utility [[EPB]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/13/technology/13broadband.html?_r=2&sq=chattanooga&st=cse&adxnnl=1&scp=1&adxnnlx=1285153403-FFzkcK6fh2uW7gJerggOzA|title=Fastest Net Service in U.S. Coming to Chattanooga|last=Lohr|first=Steve|date=September 12, 2010|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 7, 2011}}</ref>

In August 2012, Chattanooga developed its own [[typeface]], called ''Chatype'', which marks the first time a municipality has its own typeface in the United States and the first [[crowd-funded]], custom-made typeface in the world.<ref name="Chatype bursts on the scene in Chattanooga">{{cite web|url=http://www.nooga.com/157144/chatype-used-everywhere-from-library-to-new-downtown-banners/|title=Chatype used everywhere from library to new downtown banners|last=Morrison|first=Chloe|date=September 6, 2012|publisher=Nooga.com|access-date=March 12, 2013|archive-date=April 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402152308/http://www.nooga.com/157144/chatype-used-everywhere-from-library-to-new-downtown-banners|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Chattanooga from A to Z">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2012/mar/25/chattanooga-from-a-to-z/|title=Chattanooga Now 2012|last=Denton|first=Lisa|date=March 25, 2012|work=Chattanooga Times Free Press|access-date=March 12, 2013}}</ref>

On July 16, 2015, five people — four U.S. Marines and one sailor — were murdered and two more were wounded in [[2015 Chattanooga shootings|shootings at two U.S. military facilities in Chattanooga]]. The perpetrator was Muhammad Youssef Abdulazeez, an [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/chattanooga-shootings-gunman-id-d-as-muhammad-youssef-abdulazeez-1.3154905|title=Chattanooga shootings: Gunman ID'd as Muhammad Youssef Abdulazeez|date=July 16, 2015|publisher=CBC News|access-date=July 16, 2015}}</ref>

On November 21, 2016, a school bus carrying students from Woodmore Elementary School [[2016 Chattanooga school bus crash|crashed in the Brainerd neighborhood]], killing 6 and injuring 23.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/21/us/tennessee-chattanooga-school-bus-accident/index.html|title=6 dead in Tennessee school bus crash| last1=Sterling| first1=Joe| last2=Simon| first2=Darran| work=CNN| publisher=Cable News Network|date=November 21, 2016|access-date=November 22, 2016}}</ref> In March 2018, the driver, an employee of [[Durham School Services]], was convicted of six counts of criminally negligent homicide, 11 counts of reckless aggravated assault, seven counts of assault, reckless endangerment, reckless driving and illegally using his phone while driving.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wbir.com/article/news/crime/bus-driver-found-guilty-of-criminally-negligent-homicide-in-crash-that-killed-6-kids/51-524203588|title=Bus driver found guilty of criminally negligent homicide in crash that killed 6 kids|work=WBIR-TV|access-date=June 16, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The crash reignited the debate about whether [[seat belt]]s should be required in school buses.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pak|first=Nataly|date=May 23, 2018|title=NTSB changes tune about seat belts on school buses after deadly crashes|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/ntsb-recommends-seat-belts-school-buses-deadly-crashes/story?id=55367225|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|location=New York City|access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref>

On June 5, 2022, there was a [[mass shooting]] in Chattanooga that left three dead and injured 11.<ref name="Three people dead, 14 shot outside nightclub in Chattanooga, Tennessee">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/three-people-dead-14-shot-nightclub-chattanooga-tennessee-rcna32028|title=Three people dead, 14 shot outside nightclub in Chattanooga, Tennessee|date=June 5, 2022|publisher=nbcnews.com|access-date=June 5, 2022}}</ref>