Editing Charles XI of Sweden (section)

==Under guardian rule==
[[File:Karl X Gustaf o Hedvig Eleonora x Johann Rethe.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Charles's parents King Charles X Gustav and Queen Hedwig Eleonora]]
[[Image:Karl XI, five years old.jpg|left|thumb|Charles at the age of five, dressed as a Roman emperor. Painting by [[David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl|Ehrenstrahl]].]]
[[File:Miniatyrporträtt, Karl XI, Pierre Signac, ca 1662 - Livrustkammaren - 89014.tif|thumb|Miniature of Charles XI, Pierre Signac, {{circa|1662}}]]
Charles was born in the [[Tre Kronor (castle)|Stockholm Palace Tre Kronor]] in November 1655. His father, [[Charles X of Sweden]], had left Sweden in July that year to fight in the [[Northern Wars|war against Poland]]. After several years of warfare, the king returned in the winter of 1659, and gathered his family and the [[Riksdag of the Estates]] in [[Gothenburg]]. Here he beheld his four-year-old son for the first time. Only a few weeks later, in mid-January 1660, the king fell ill; one month later, he wrote his last will and died.<ref name=Aberg>Åberg (1958)</ref>

Charles X Gustav's will and testament left the administration of the Swedish Empire during Charles XI's minority to a regency led by Queen Dowager [[Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp|Hedwig Eleonora]] as both formal regent and chair of a six-member Regency Council with two votes and a final say over the rest of the council.{{sfn|Granlund|2004|pp=58–59}} [[Per Brahe the Younger|Per Brahe]] was one member of the council.{{sfn|Granlund|2004|p=59}}  In addition, Charles X Gustav left command of the army and a seat on the council to his younger brother, [[Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg]].<ref name="Lundh-Eriksson, Nanna 1947">{{Cite book
 | author = Lundh-Eriksson, Nanna
 | title = Hedvig Eleonora
 | publisher =  Wahlström & Widstrand
 | year = 1947
  | language = sv
}}</ref> These provisions among others led to the remainder of the council immediately challenging the will. On 14 February, the day after King Charles X's death, Hedwig Eleonora sent a message to the council stating that she knew that they contested the will and that she demanded that it should be respected. The council answered that the will must first be discussed with the parliament, and at the following council in Stockholm on 13 May, the council tried to keep her from attending. The parliament questioned whether it would be good for her health or suitable for a widow to attend council, and that if not, it would be hard to keep sending a messenger to her quarters. Her reply that the council would be allowed to meet without her and only inform her when they considered it necessary was met with satisfaction from the council. Hedwig Eleonora's ostensible indifference to politics came as a great relief to the lords of the guardian government.<ref name="Lundh-Eriksson, Nanna 1947"/>

His mother, Queen Hedvig Eleonora, remained the formal regent until Charles XI attained his majority on 18 December 1672, but she was careful not to embroil herself in political conflicts.<ref name=Rystadp26>Rystad (2003), p. 26</ref>
During his first appearances in parliament, Charles spoke to the government through her. He would whisper the questions he had in her ear, and she would ask them aloud and clearly for him.<ref>Herman Lindqvist: ''Historien om Sverige: Storhet och Fall'' (History of Sweden: Greatness and fall) {{in lang|sv}}</ref>
As an adolescent, Charles devoted himself to sports, exercise, and his favourite pastime of bear-hunting. He  appeared ignorant of the very rudiments of [[Policy|statecraft]] and almost [[literacy|illiterate]]. His main difficulties are now seen as evident signs of [[dyslexia]], a disability that was poorly understood at the time.<ref>Nationalencyclopedin, article ''Karl XII''</ref><ref>Rystad (2003), p. 23</ref><ref>Åberg (1958) gives examples: he would start with the last letter when reading words, and would spell ''faton'' instead of ''afton'', etc.</ref> According to many contemporary sources, the king was considered poorly educated and therefore not qualified to conduct himself effectively in foreign affairs.<ref>Upton, Anthony F. (1998). ''Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1660–1697''. Cambridge University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-521-57390-4}}, p. 91: "There was a widespread contemporary impression that the king was poorly qualified and ineffective in foreign affairs [...] The Danish minister, M. Scheel, reported to his king how Charles XI seemed embarrassed by questions, kept his eyes down and was taciturn [...] The French diplomat, Jean Antoine de Mesmes, comte d'Avaux, described him as 'a prince with few natural talents', so obsessed with getting money out of his subjects that he 'does not concern himself much with foreign affairs'. The Dane, Jens Juel, made a similar comment."</ref> Charles was dependent on his mother and advisors to interact with the foreign envoys since he had no foreign language skills apart from German and was ignorant of the world outside Sweden.<ref>Upton, p. 91.</ref>

[[Italy|Italian]] writer [[Lorenzo Magalotti]] visited Stockholm in 1674 and described the teenage Charles XI as "virtually afraid of everything, uneasy to talk to foreigners, and not daring to look anyone in the face". Another trait was a deep religious devotion: he was God-fearing, frequently prayed kneeling and attended sermons. Magalotti otherwise described the king's main pursuits as hunting, the upcoming war, and jokes.<ref>Rystad (2003) p. 37</ref><ref>Åberg (1958), pp. 63–65</ref>