Editing Charites (section)

==Parentage, number, and names==
[[File:Sandro Botticelli - Three Graces in Primavera.jpg|thumb|The Three Graces, from [[Sandro Botticelli]]'s painting ''[[Primavera (painting)|Primavera]]'' in the [[Uffizi Gallery]].]]

In [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'', the Charites are the three daughters of Zeus: [[Aglaia (Grace)|Aglaea]] ("Splendor"), [[Euphrosyne]] ("Joy"), and [[Thalia (Grace)|Thalia]] ("Good Cheer"), by the [[Oceanid]] [[Eurynome]].<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA208 p. 208]; Gantz, p. 54; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 906&ndash;11].</ref> The identical genealogy is given by [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.1 1.3.1].</ref> The same three names are also given by [[Pindar]], with a possible reference to their "father" Zeus and no mother mentioned.<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Olympian'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-olympian_odes/1997/pb_LCL056.211.xml 14.1&ndash;16].</ref>  Although the Charites were usually considered to be Zeus' daughters and three in number, their names as well as their parentage and number varied.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA208 p. 208]; Grimal, s.v. Charites; Tripp, s.v. Graces.</ref> [[Homer]] mentions [[Pasithea]] as "one of the youthful Graces",<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL171.87.xml 14.263&ndash;269]; compare with [[Statius]], ''[[Thebaid]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/statius-thebaid/2004/pb_LCL207.117.xml 2.286].</ref> and perhaps has "Charis" (the singular form of "Charites"), as the name of another,<ref>Gantz, p. 54, which notes that Homer's "Charis" may not, in fact, be a proper name; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL171.315.xml 18.382&ndash;283].</ref> but does not give their parentage, number, or any other of their names.<ref>Arafat, [https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1522? s.v. Charites]; Schachter, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e231820.xml? s.v. Charites].</ref>

The geographer [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] gives other variations, some regional.<ref>Arafat, [https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1522? s.v. Charites]; Schachter, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e231820.xml? s.v. Charites]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.35.1 9.35.1&ndash;5].</ref> He says that, according to [[Boeotia]]n tradition, [[Eteocles (Boeotian king)|Eteocles]], the king of [[Orchomenus (Boeotia)|Orchomenus]], established three as the number of Charites, but that the [[Athenians]] and [[Spartans]] worshipped only two. For the Athenians the two Charites were [[Auxo]] and [[Hegemone]], while for the Spartans they were [[Cleta]] and [[Phaenna]].<ref>Parada, s.v. Charites; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.35.2 9.35.1&ndash;2].</ref> Also, according to Pausanias, the [[Hellenistic]] poet [[Hermesianax (poet)|Hermesianax]] said that [[Peitho]] ("Persuasion") was one of the Charites, and the poet [[Antimachus]] said that the Charites were the "daughters of Aegle and the Sun <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Helios]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>".<ref>Parada, s.v. Charites; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.35.5 9.35.5].</ref>

While Hesiod has Eurynome, and Antimachus has Aegle, as the mother of the Charites, other names were also given. According to ''[[Orphic Hymns|Orphic Hymn]]'' 60, the Charites ("Aglaea, Thalia, ... Euphrosyne") were the daughters of Zeus and [[Eunomia]].<ref>''[[Orphic Hymn]]'' 60, [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/48/mode/2up?view=theater 2&ndash;3].</ref> The [[Stoicism|Stoic]] philosopher [[Lucius Annaeus Cornutus|Cornutus]] includes the names Eurynome, and Aegle, he gives other names for mothers as well: [[Eurydome]], [[Eurymedousa]], [[Hera]], and [[Euanthe (Greek myth)|Euanthe]].<ref>Boys-Stones, [https://topostext.org/work/849#18 c. 15, §§ 18&ndash;20]; Lang, [https://archive.org/details/cornutitheologia00cornuoft/cornutitheologia00cornuoft/page/18/mode/2up pp. 18&ndash;20]; Torres, p. 15; [[Lucius Annaeus Cornutus|Cornutus]], ''Compendium of Greek Theology'' 15. [[Colluthus]], ''The Rape of Helen'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/colluthus-rape_helen/1928/pb_LCL219.555.xml 174&ndash;175] also has Hera as the mother of the Charites.</ref> [[Nonnus]] has his three Charites (Hesiod's Aglaea, Homer's Pasithea, and Hermesianax's Peitho)<ref>Keightley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lWAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA192 p. 192]; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/nonnos-dionysiaca/1940/pb_LCL354.243.xml 24.261&ndash;264].</ref> being the daughters of [[Dionysus]] and [[Coronis (mythology)|Coronis]].<ref>Dionysus as father: [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/nonnos-dionysiaca/1940/pb_LCL354.13.xml 16.131&ndash;2], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/nonnos-dionysiaca/1940/pb_LCL354.467.xml 33.4&ndash;11]; Dionysus as father by Coronis: [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/nonnos-dionysiaca/1940/pb_LCL356.465.xml 48.553&ndash;556], with note: "Coronis as mother of the Charites is heard of only here; she seems to have nothing to do with Coronis the mother of Asclepios by Apollo.")</ref>

A purported summary of a lost poem by an otherwise unknown poet "Sostratus", while naming the three Charites, adds to Homer's Pasithea, and Hesiod's Euphrosyne, the name [[Kale (mythology)|Kale]], saying that it was she who was the wife of Hephaestus.<ref>Cameron, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gZk6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 p. 150]. This summary is found in the Homeric commentary of the twelfth-century bishop [[Eustathius of Thessalonica|Eustathius]], whose likely source was [[Ptolemy Chennus]] (O'Hara p. 173). Cameron discusses this summary in his chapter on "Bogus Citations", which argues that Sostratus, as well as the summary of his supposed lost poem, are just one of the many fabrications of Ptolemy Chennus.</ref>