Editing Chabad (section)

== History ==
The Chabad movement was established after the [[First Partition of Poland]] in the town of Liozno, [[Pskov Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Liozna]], [[Belarus]]), in 1775, by [[Shneur Zalman of Liadi|Shneur Zalman]],<ref name="Barry" /> a student of [[Dov Ber of Mezeritch]], the successor to Hasidism's founder, Rabbi [[Israel Baal Shem Tov]]. [[Dovber Schneuri|Rabbi Dovber Shneuri]], the Second Rebbe, moved the movement to [[Lyubavichi, Rudnyansky District, Smolensk Oblast|Lyubavichi]] ({{langx|yi|ליובאַװיטש}}, ''Lyubavitsh''), in current-day Russia, in 1813.<ref name=jta1808/>

The movement was centered in Lyubavichi for a century until the fifth Rebbe, [[Sholom Dovber Schneersohn|Rabbi Shalom Dovber]] left the village in 1915<ref name=haaretz1920 /> and moved to the city of [[Rostov-on-Don]]. During the [[interwar period]], following Bolshevik persecution, the Chabad-Lubavitch movement, under the Sixth Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak, was centered in [[Riga]] and then in [[Warsaw]]. The outbreak of World War II led the Sixth Rebbe to move to the [[United States]]. Since 1940,<ref name="Barry">{{cite web|url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/19872113650fsupp146311879|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609131447/http://www.leagle.com/decision/19872113650FSupp1463_11879|url-status=dead|title=AGUDAS CHASIDEI CHABAD OF &#124; 650 F.Supp. 1463 (1987) &#124; Leagle.com|archive-date=June 9, 2015|website=Leagle}}</ref> the movement's center has been in the [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] neighborhood of [[Brooklyn]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/272209/jewish/Rabbi-Sholom-DovBer-Schneersohn.htm |publisher=Chabad |title=Sholom DovBer Schneersohn (1860–1920) |access-date=January 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Altein, R page 270">Altein, R, Zaklikofsky, E, Jacobson, I: ''Out of the Inferno: The Efforts That Led to the Rescue of [[Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn]] of Lubavitch from War Torn Europe in 1939–40'', p. 270. Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, 2002 {{ISBN|0-8266-0683-0}}</ref>

[[File:Huh-Ukh 1911.jpg|thumb|Chabad newspaper, {{transliteration|he|Huh-Ukh}} (1911)]]
[[File:Chabad of Boston Appeal (1927).jpg|thumb|Chabad of Boston Appeal (1927)]]

While the movement spawned a number of [[Chabad offshoot groups|offshoot groups]] throughout its history, the Chabad-Lubavitch branch is the only one still active, making it the movement's main surviving line.<ref name=beck /> Historian [[Jonathan Sarna]] has characterized Chabad as having enjoyed the fastest rate of growth of any [[Jewish religious movements|Jewish religious movement]] in the period 1946–2015.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jonathan D. Sarna |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/symposium-part-5/ |title=The Jewish Future: What will be the condition of the Jewish community 50 years from now? |work=[[Commentary Magazine]]|publisher=Commentary|date=October 14, 2015}}</ref>

In the early 1900s, Chabad-Lubavitch legally incorporated itself under [[Agudas Chasidei Chabad]] ("Association of Chabad Hasidim").{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

In the 1980s, tensions arose between Chabad and [[Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)|Satmar Chasidim]] as a result of several assaults on Chabad Hasidim by Satmar Hasidim.<ref name="beardcut">''Jew cleared in beard-cutting case'', Philadelphia Daily News, May 25, 1984</ref><ref name="anguish">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/22/nyregion/attack-on-rabbi-brings-anguish-to-borough-park.html|title=ATTACK ON RABBI BRINGS ANGUISH TO BOROUGH PARK|first=Ari L.|last=Goldman|date=22 June 1983|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>Letters to the Editor, ''Time'', August 1, 1983</ref>

=== Oppression and resurgence in Russia ===
{{Main|Antisemitism in the Russian Empire|Antisemitism in the Soviet Union|History of the Jews in Russia|History of the Jews in the Soviet Union}}
The Chabad movement was subjected to governmental oppression in Russia. The Russian government, first under the [[Czar]], later under the [[Bolsheviks]], imprisoned all but one of the Chabad rebbes.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3btYAwAAQBAJ&q=chabad+imprisoned+Russia&pg=PA554 |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica: Blu-Cof |editor1-first=Fred |editor1-last=Skolnik |editor2-first=Michael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |publisher=[[Granite Hill Publishers]] |year=2007 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Visual Culture of Chabad |author=Maya Balakirsky Katz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeIuE1tE36QC&q=chabad+imprisoned+Russia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=October 11, 2010 |page=40|isbn=9780521191630}}</ref> The Bolsheviks also imprisoned, exiled and executed a number of Chabad Hasidim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chabadmequon.org/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/700831/jewish/Mrs-Sima-Itkin-obm.htm |title=Mrs. Sima Itkin OBM |publisher=The Joseph and Rebecca Peltz Center for Jewish Life}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Former Soviet Union |url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/244380/jewish/Former-Soviet-Union.htm |publisher=Chabad.org |quote=The communists persecuted, chased and harassed the Rebbe and his operatives.{{nbsp}}[...] Through the years of communism, hundreds of Chassidic activists were executed. Thousands more were arrested and sent to Siberia for years of hard labor.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://azjewishpost.com/2012/chabadniks-proud-of-criminal-past/|title=Chabadniks proud of 'criminal' past|date=November 30, 2012|author=Rabbi Yehuda Ceitlin}}</ref> During the Second World War, many Chabad Hasidim evacuated to the Uzbek cities of Samarkand and Tashkent where they established small centers of Hasidic life, while at the same time seeking ways to emigrate from Soviet Russia due to the government's suppression of religious life.<ref>Estraikh, G. (2018). Escape through Poland: Soviet Jewish Emigration in the 1950s. Jewish History, 31(3-4), 291-317.</ref> The reach of Chabad in Central Asia also included earlier efforts that took place in the 1920s.<ref>Levin, Z. (2015). 1 "The Wastelands": The Jews of Central Asia. In Collectivization and Social Engineering: Soviet Administration and the Jews of Uzbekistan, 1917–1939 (pp. 7–26). [[Brill Publishers|Brill]].</ref> Following the war, and well after the center of the Chabad movement moved to the [[United States]], the movement remained active in Soviet Russia, aiding the local Jews known as [[Refuseniks]] who sought to learn more about Judaism.<ref>Beizer, M. (2007). The Jews of struggle: the Jewish national movement in the USSR, 1967–1989.</ref> And throughout the Soviet era, the Chabad movement maintained a secret network across the USSR.<ref>Gitelman, Z. (2007). Do Jewish Schools Make a Difference in the Former Soviet Union?. East European Jewish Affairs, 37(3), 377–398.</ref> Since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, state persecution of Chabad ceased. The [[Chief Rabbi of Russia]], [[Berel Lazar]], a Chabad emissary, maintains warm relations with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/04/10/news-opinion/united-states/politico-says-chabad-is-trumps-jewish-movement-not-so-fast|title=Politico says Chabad is Trump's partner in – something. Not so fast|author=Ben Sales|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=10 April 2017|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref> Lazar also received the [[Order of Friendship]] and [[Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"]] medals from him.<ref name="The Forward">{{cite web|url=http://forward.com/news/breaking-news/309514/russian-chief-rabbi-berel-lazar-stands-by-vladimir-putin/|title=Why Russian Chief Rabbi stands by Vladimir Putin|author=Cnaan Lipshiz|work=[[The Forward]]|date=5 June 2015|access-date=June 4, 2017}}</ref>