Editing Château d'Amboise (section)

==History==
===Origins===
[[File:Amboise castle, aerial view.jpg|thumb|left|The château seen from the south]]
The Château d'Amboise was built on a spur above the river [[Loire]]. The strategic qualities of the site were recognised before the medieval construction of the castle, and a [[Gaul|Gallic]] [[oppidum]] was built there.<ref>{{harvnb|Garrett|2010|p=97}}</ref> In the late 9th&nbsp;century [[Ingelger]] was made viscount of Orléans and through his mother was related to [[Hugh the Abbot]], tutors to the French kings. Ingelgarius married [[Adelais of Amboise]], a member of a prominent family (a bishop and archbishop were her uncles) who controlled Château d'Amboise. He was later made [[Count of Anjou]] and his rise can be attributed to his political connections and reputation as a soldier. The Château d'Amboise would pass through Ingelger and Adelais' heirs, and he was succeeded by their son, [[Fulk I, Count of Anjou|Fulk the Red]]. As Fulk the Red expanded his territory, Amboise, [[Loches]], and [[Villentrois]] formed the core of his possessions.<ref>{{harvnb|Bachrach|1993|pp=4–5}}</ref> Amboise lay on the eastern frontier of the Angevins holdings.<ref>{{harvnb|Bachrach|1993|pp=15–16}}</ref>

Amboise and its castle descended through the family to [[Fulk III, Count of Anjou|Fulke Nerra]] in 987. Fulk had to contend with the ambitions of [[Odo&nbsp;I, Count of Blois]] who wanted to expand his own territory into Anjou. Odo&nbsp;I could call on the support of many followers and instructed [[Conan I of Rennes|Conan, Count of Rennes]], [[Gelduin of Saumur]], and Abbot Robert of Saint-Florent de Saumur to harass Fulk's properties. While Conan was busy on Anjou's western border, Gelduin and Robert attempted to isolate the easternmost castles of Amboise and [[Château de Loches|Loches]] by raiding the Saumurois and disrupting communications.<ref>{{harvnb|Bachrach|1993|pp=27–28}}</ref> To further threaten Amboise, fortifications were erected at [[Château de Chaumont|Chaumont]] and [[Château de Montsoreau|Montsoreau]], while [[Saint-Aignan, Loir-et-Cher|Saint-Aignan]] was garrisoned.<ref>{{harvnb|Bachrach|1993|pp=36–37}}</ref>

There is a 12th-century ''[[Liber de compositione castri Ambaziae et ipsius dominorum gesta|Book of the Construction of the Castle of Amboise and the Deeds of Its Lords]]''.

===Royal residence===
[[File:AmboiseLeChateau.JPG|thumb|upright=1.4|The château rises above its surrounding town]]
Expanded and improved over time, on 4 September 1434 it was seized by [[Charles VII of France]], after its owner, Louis d'Amboise, Viscount of Thours (1392–1469), was convicted of plotting against [[Louis XI]] and condemned to be executed in 1431. However, the King pardoned him but took his château at Amboise. Once in royal hands, the château became a favourite of French kings, from Louis&nbsp;XI to [[Francis I of France|Francis&nbsp;I]].<ref>{{harvnb|Garrett|2010|p=xx}}</ref> [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VIII]] decided to rebuild it extensively, beginning in 1492 at first in the French late Gothic Flamboyant style and then after 1495 employing two Italian mason-builders, [[Domenico da Cortona]] and [[Fra Giocondo]], who provided at Amboise some of the first [[Renaissance]] decorative motifs seen in French architecture. The names of three French builders are preserved in the documents: [[Colin Biart]], Guillaume Senault and Louis Armangeart.

Following the [[Italian War of 1494–1498|Italian War of 1494–1495]], Charles brought Italian architects and artisans to France to work on the château, and turn it into "the first [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] palace in France".<ref name=Garrett100>{{harvnb|Garrett|2010|p=100}}</ref> Among the people Charles brought from Italy was [[Pacello da Mercogliano]] who designed the gardens at the Châteaux of Ambois and [[Château de Blois|Blois]]; his work was highly influential amongst French landscape designers.<ref>{{harvnb|Benevolo|1978|p=363}}</ref> Charles died at Château d'Amboise in 1498 after he hit his head on a door lintel.<ref name=Garrett100/> Before his death he had the upper terrace widened to hold a larger [[parterre]] and enclosed with latticework and pavilions; his successor, [[Louis XII]], built a gallery round the terrace which can  be seen in the 1576 engraving by Jacques [[Androuet du Cerceau]], in ''Les plus excellens bastimens de France''. The [[parterres]] have been recreated in the twentieth century as rectangles of lawns set in gravel and a formal [[bosquet]] of trees.

[[File:Chapel-Saint-Hubert.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|left|The chapel of Saint Hubert (1493),<ref>{{cite web |last=Cartwright |first=Mark |title=Chapel of Saint Hubert, Amboise |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/image/10507/chapel-of-saint-hubert-amboise/ |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |access-date=4 May 2019 |date=29 April 2019}}</ref> where [[Leonardo da Vinci]] is believed to be buried]]
King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] was raised at Amboise, which belonged to his mother, [[Louise of Savoy]], and during the first few years of his reign, the château reached the pinnacle of its glory. As a guest of the King, [[Leonardo da Vinci]] came to Château d'Amboise in December 1515 and lived and worked in the nearby [[Clos Lucé]], connected to the château by an underground passage. Records show that at the time of Leonardo da Vinci's death on 2 May 1519, he was buried in the Chapel of St Florentin, originally located (before it was razed at the end of 18th century) approximately {{convert|100|m}} northeast of the Chapel of St Hubert. This Chapel of St Florentin belonged to the royal castle and lay within the stone fortifications surrounding the property of the Château d'Amboise, and it should not be confused with the nearby Église Saint Florentin, also in Amboise, but not located within the property boundaries of the Château d'Amboise.

After the [[French Revolution]] (1789–1799), the Chapel of St Florentin was in such a ruinous state that the engineer appointed by [[Napoleon]] decided that it was not worth preserving and had it demolished. The remaining stonework was used to repair the Château d'Amboise. Some 60 years later (and 330 years after Leonardo's death and original burial), the foundational site of the Chapel of St Florentin was excavated: it is alleged that a complete skeleton was found, with fragments of a stone inscription containing some of the letters of his name. However, other accounts describe heaps of bones (as is customary in chapels throughout France) and even anecdotes of children kicking skulls around for fun and games. Nonetheless, based on some contemporaneous accounts, it is the collection of bones that were found to be whole and with an extraordinarily large skull that are supposed to be buried in the Chapel of Saint Hubert, where now a large floor-level marble stone bearing a metal medallion relief portrait of Leonardo da Vinci (based on the "Melzi's portrait") and the words LEONARDO DA VINCI seem indicative of his final resting place.

[[Henry II of France|Henry II]] and his wife, [[Catherine de' Medici]], raised their children in the Château d'Amboise, along with [[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary Stuart]], the child Queen of Scotland who had been promised in marriage to the future French [[Francis II of France|Francis II]].

===Amboise conspiracy===
{{main|Amboise conspiracy}}
In 1560, during the [[French Wars of Religion]], a conspiracy by members of the [[Huguenot]] [[House of Bourbon]] against the [[House of Guise]] that virtually ruled France in the name of the young Francis II was uncovered by [[Francis, Duke of Guise]] and stifled by a series of hangings, which took a month to carry out. By the time it was finished, 1,200 Protestants were [[Gibbeting|gibbetted]], strung from the town walls, hung from the iron hooks that held [[Pennon|pennants]] and [[Tapestry|tapestries]] on festive occasions and from the very balcony of the ''Logis du Roy''. The Court soon had to leave the town because of the smell of corpses.

The abortive peace of Amboise was signed at Amboise on 12 March 1563, between [[Louis I, Prince of Condé]], who had been implicated in the conspiracy to abduct the king, and [[Catherine de' Medici]]. The "edict of pacification", as it was termed, authorised Protestant services only in chapels of ''seigneurs'' and justices, with the stipulation that such services be held outside the walls of towns. Neither side was satisfied by this compromise, nor was it widely honoured.

[[File:AmboiseStHubertChapelCarving.jpeg|thumb|Detail of [[Gothic architecture|Late Gothic]] carving on the Chapel of Saint-Hubert]]

===Decline ===
Amboise never returned to royal favour. At the beginning of the 17th century, the huge château was all but abandoned when the property passed into the hands of [[Gaston, Duke of Orléans]], the brother of the Bourbon King [[Louis XIII]]. After his death it returned to the Crown and was turned into a prison during [[the Fronde]], and under [[Louis XIV]] it held disgraced minister [[Nicolas Fouquet]] and the [[Antoine Nompar de Caumont|duc de Lauzun]]. [[Louis XV]] made a gift of it to his minister [[Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul]], who had recently purchased the [[Château de Chanteloup]] to the west. The [[Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre|Duke of Penthièvre]], a minor royal, bought it after Choiseul's death. At his own death in 1793, the castle was confiscated by the State. Emperor [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] gifted Amboise to [[Roger Ducos]] who, after an engineering assessment, decided to destroy a large part of the castle in order to reduce its costs. Ducos was himself exiled in 1816 and Amboise recovered by the [[Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans|Duchess of Orléans]], Penthièvre's daughter and mother of future King [[Louis Philippe I]]. 

Since 1840, the Château d'Amboise has been listed as a ''[[monument historique]]'' by the [[French Ministry of Culture]]. King Louis-Philippe began restoring it during his reign but with his abdication in 1848, the château was confiscated by the government.<!--the following reference does not cover the previous statement--> The captive Emir [[Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri|Abd Al-Qadir]], who resisted the [[French conquest of Algeria|French colonisation of Algeria]], and an entourage of family and retainers were transferred to Château d'Amboise in November 1848.<ref>{{harvnb|Garrett|2010|p=101}}</ref> In 1852 an article in ''[[Bentley's Miscellany]]'' noted that before Abd Al-Qadir took up residence in the château, it had frequently been visited by tourists.
{{blockquote|Amboise, a few years since, was a smiling, lively little town, and the castle was a pleasure residence of the last king; the gardens were delicious, the little chapter of St. Hubert a gem, restored in all its lustre, and the glory of artists and amateurs. All is now changed: a gloom has fallen on the scene, the flowers are faded, the gates are closed, they pretty pavilions are shut-up; there are guards instead of gardeners, and a dreary prison frowns over the reflecting waters, which glide mournfully past the towers.|''Bentley's Miscellany'', 1852<ref>{{harvnb|Anon|1852|p=258}}</ref>}}

Later that year, in October, President [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]] visited Abd al-Qadir at Amboise to give him the news of his release.<ref>{{harvnb|Garrett|2010|p=102}}</ref> In 1873, Louis-Philippe's heirs were given control of the property and a major effort to repair it was made, directed by [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]]. During the [[Nazi German|German invasion]] in 1940 the château was damaged further. Today, the present [[Count of Paris]], a descendant of Louis-Philippe, repairs and maintains the château through the [[Fondation Saint-Louis]].