Editing Causes of mental disorders (section)

==Research results==
Risk factors for mental illness include [[psychological trauma]], adverse childhood experiences, genetic predisposition, and personality traits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Read |first1=John |last2=Bentall |first2=Richard P. |date=February 2012 |title=Negative childhood experiences and mental health: theoretical, clinical and primary prevention implications |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125000257516/type/journal_article |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=200 |issue=2 |pages=89–91 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096727 |pmid=22297585 |issn=0007-1250}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kurbatfinski |first1=Stefan |last2=Dosani |first2=Aliyah |last3=Dewey |first3=Deborah M. |last4=Letourneau |first4=Nicole |date=2024-09-12 |title=Proposed Physiological Mechanisms Underlying the Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health Conditions: A Narrative Review |journal=Children |language=en |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=1112 |doi=10.3390/children11091112 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9067 |pmc=11430311 |pmid=39334644}}</ref> Correlations between mental disorders and substance use are also found to have a two way relationship, in that substance use can lead to the development of mental disorders and having mental disorders can lead to substance use/abuse. This effect is stronger and more reliable in some substance use than others, such as smoking.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Treur |first1=Jorien L. |last2=Munafò |first2=Marcus R. |last3=Logtenberg |first3=Emma |last4=Wiers |first4=Reinout W. |last5=Verweij |first5=Karin J. H. |date=July 2021 |title=Using Mendelian randomization analysis to better understand the relationship between mental health and substance use: a systematic review |journal=Psychological Medicine |language=en |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=1593–1624 |doi=10.1017/S003329172100180X |issn=0033-2917 |pmc=8327626 |pmid=34030749}}</ref>

Mental illnesses have risk factors, for instance including unequal parental treatment, adverse life events and drug use in [[Depression (mood)|depression]], migration and discrimination, childhood trauma, loss or separation in families, and cannabis use in [[schizophrenia]] and [[psychosis]], and parenting factors, child abuse, family history (e.g. of anxiety), and temperament and attitudes (e.g. pessimism) in [[anxiety]]. Many psychiatric disorders include problems with [[Impulse control disorder|impulse and other emotional control]].

In February 2013, a study <ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= March 18, 2013 |title= Common Genetic Factors Found in 5 Mental Disorders |url= https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/common-genetic-factors-found-5-mental-disorders |website= |location= |publisher= National Institutes of Health |access-date= 2025-05-11}}</ref> found genetic links between five major psychiatric disorders: [[autism]], [[ADHD]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[major depressive disorder]], and [[schizophrenia]]. Abnormal functioning of [[neurotransmitter]] systems is also responsible for some mental disorders, including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and glutamate system's abnormal functioning. Differences have also been found in the size or activity of specific brain regions in some cases. Psychological mechanisms have also been implicated, such as [[cognitive]] (e.g. [[reasoning]]) biases, [[emotional]] influences, [[Personality psychology|personality dynamics]], [[temperament]], and [[Coping (psychology)|coping]] style. Studies have indicated<ref name="Journal of Psychiatric Research 2015 pp. 1–13">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gatt JM, Burton KL, Williams LM, Schofield PR | title = Specific and common genes implicated across major mental disorders: a review of meta-analysis studies | journal = Journal of Psychiatric Research | volume = 60 | pages = 1–13 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25287955 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.09.014 }}</ref> that variation in [[genes]] can play an important role in the evolution of mental disorders, although the reliable identification of connections between specific genes and specific disorders has proven more difficult. Environmental events surrounding [[pregnancy]] (such as maternal [[hypertension]],<ref name="Lahti-Pulkkinen Girchenko Tuovinen Sammallahti 2020 pp. 1429–1438">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Girchenko P, Tuovinen S, Sammallahti S, Reynolds RM, Lahti J, Heinonen K, Lipsanen J, Hämäläinen E, Villa PM, Kajantie E, Laivuori H, Räikkönen K | display-authors = 6 | title = Maternal Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders and Mental Disorders in Children | journal = Hypertension | volume = 75 | issue = 6 | pages = 1429–1438 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32306771 | doi = 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14140 | publisher = Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) | s2cid = 216028720 | doi-access = free | hdl = 20.500.11820/02b77370-a4e8-4dbe-bbcf-879222a3420b | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[preeclampsia]], or infection) and [[Childbirth|birth]] have also been implicated.<ref name="Rice Harold Boivin Bree 2009 pp. 335–345">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rice F, Harold GT, Boivin J, van den Bree M, Hay DF, Thapar A | title = The links between prenatal stress and offspring development and psychopathology: disentangling environmental and inherited influences | journal = Psychological Medicine | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 335–345 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 19476689 | pmc = 2830085 | doi = 10.1017/S0033291709005911 | s2cid = 13752317 }}</ref> [[Traumatic brain injury]] may increase the risk of developing certain mental disorders. Throughout the years, there have been inconsistent links found to certain viral infections, substance misuse, and general physical health that have been false.

Adverse experiences affect a person's [[mental health]], including [[abuse]], [[neglect]], [[bullying]], [[social stress]], [[Traumatic event (psychological)|traumatic events]], and other overwhelming life experiences. The specific risks and pathways to particular disorders are less clear, however. Aspects of the wider community have also been implicated, including [[employment]] problems, [[socioeconomic]] [[Economic inequality|inequality]], lack of social cohesion, problems linked to [[Human migration|migration]], and features of particular [[societies]] and [[cultures]]. The loss of cultural connection can result in [[cultural bereavement]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhugra D, Becker MA | title = Migration, cultural bereavement and cultural identity | journal = World Psychiatry | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 18–24 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 16633496 | pmc = 1414713 }}</ref> Mental stress is a common cause of mental illnesses, so finding a coping solution to cope with mental [[Psychological stress|stress]] would be beneficial. Many solutions that have helped reduce stress are yoga, exercise, and some medications that may help.