Editing Cathode-ray tube (section)

==History==
===Discoveries===
Cathode rays were discovered by [[Julius Plücker]] and [[Johann Wilhelm Hittorf]].<ref>{{Cite book
 | first =André
 | last =Martin
 | chapter =Cathode Ray Tubes for Industrial and Military Applications
 | editor-last =Hawkes
 | editor-first =Peter
 | title =Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics
 | volume =67
 | publisher =[[Academic Press]]
 | year =1986
 | isbn =9780080577333
 |doi=10.1016/S0065-2539(08)60331-5
 | pages =183–328
 | quote ="Evidence for the existence of "cathode-rays" was first found by Plücker and Hittorf ..."
}}</ref> Hittorf observed that some unknown rays were emitted from the [[cathode]] (negative electrode) which could cast shadows on the glowing wall of the tube, indicating the rays were traveling in straight lines. In 1890, [[Arthur Schuster]] demonstrated cathode rays could be deflected by [[electric field]]s, and [[William Crookes]] showed they could be deflected by magnetic fields. In 1897, [[J. J. Thomson]] succeeded in measuring the [[mass-to-charge ratio]] of cathode rays, showing that they consisted of negatively charged particles smaller than atoms, the first "[[subatomic particle]]s", which had already been named ''[[electron]]s'' by Irish physicist [[George Johnstone Stoney]] in 1891.

The earliest version of the CRT was known as the "Braun tube", invented by the German physicist [[Ferdinand Braun]] in 1897.<ref>
{{cite journal |author1-first=Ferdinand |author1-last=Braun |author-link1=Ferdinand Braun|title=Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme|journal=[[Annalen der Physik und Chemie]]|volume=60|pages=552–559|trans-title=On a process for the display and study of the course in time of variable currents|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annalen-der-physik_1897_60_3/page/552/mode/2up|date=1987|access-date=2021-11-10|issue=3}}</ref> It was a [[cold-cathode]] [[diode]], a modification of the [[Crookes tube]] with a [[phosphor]]-coated screen. Braun was the first to conceive the use of a CRT as a display device.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lehrer |first1=Norman, H. |title=Flat-Panel Displays and CRTS |chapter=The Challenge of the Cathode-Ray Tube|editor-first=Lawrence E. Jr. |editor-last=Tannas|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-7062-8_6|isbn=978-94-011-7062-8 |pages=138–176 |publisher=[[Van Nostrand Reinhold|Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.]]|location=New York|date=1985}}</ref> The ''Braun tube'' became the foundation of 20th century TV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindahall.org/about/news/scientist-of-the-day/karl-ferdinand-braun|title=Karl Ferdinand Braun|website=The Linda Hall Library}}</ref>

In 1908, [[Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton]], fellow of the [[Royal Society]] (UK), published a letter in the scientific journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', in which he described how "distant electric vision" could be achieved by using a cathode-ray tube (or "Braun" tube) as both a transmitting and receiving device.<ref name="Swinton_DEV1">
{{cite journal
 | author1-first= A. A.
 | author1-last= Campbell-Swinton
 | author-link = Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton
 | title = Distant Electric Vision
 | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
 | volume = 78
 | issue = 2016
 | page = 151
 | date = 1908-06-18
 | doi=10.1038/078151a0| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1429503
 | bibcode = 1908Natur..78..151S
 | s2cid = 3956737
 | doi-access = free
 }}</ref> He expanded on his vision in a speech given in London in 1911 and reported in ''[[The Times]]''<ref>{{cite news | author       =<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->
| title        = Distant Electric Vision
| work         = [[The Times]]
| location     = London
| date         = 1911-11-15
| page         = 24b
| access-date  =
}}</ref> and the ''Journal of the [[Röntgen Society]]''.<ref name="Swinton_Braid">
{{cite journal
| last1        = Campbell Swinton
| first1       = Alan A.
| author-link1 = Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton
| date         = 1909-05-01
| title        = Some Vacuum Tube Phenomena
| url          = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924053226902
| journal      = J. Röntgen Soc.
| volume       = 5
| issue        = 20
| pages        = 59–83
| doi          = 10.1259/jrs.1909.0058
| doi-broken-date = 1 November 2024
| access-date = 2021-11-10
}}
</ref><ref name="Swinton-Rontgen">{{cite book
 |last1=Shiers
 |first1=George
 |last2=Shiers
 |first2=May
 |date=1997
 |title=Early Television: A Bibliographic Guide to 1940
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlXsZdT8HUQC&q=swinton+rontgen
 |location=New York
 |publisher=[[Routledge]]
 |page= 56
 |isbn=9781135819989
 |series=Garland Reference Library of Social Science
 |volume =582
}}
</ref>

The first cathode-ray tube to use a [[hot cathode]] was developed by [[John Bertrand Johnson]] (who gave his name to the term [[Johnson noise]]) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of [[Western Electric]], and became a commercial product in 1922.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://opg.optica.org/josa/abstract.cfm?uri=josa-6-7-701|title=A Low Voltage Cathode Ray Oscillograph|first=J. B.|last=Johnson|date=1 September 1922|journal=JOSA|volume=6|issue=7|pages=701–712|via=opg.optica.org|doi=10.1364/JOSA.6.000701|bibcode=1922JOSA....6..701J }}</ref> The introduction of hot cathodes allowed for lower acceleration anode voltages and higher electron beam currents, since the anode now only accelerated the electrons emitted by the hot cathode, and no longer had to have a very high voltage to induce electron emission from the cold cathode.<ref name="auto68">{{Cite book|author=Thorn-AEI Radio Valves and Tubes Limited|author-link=Thorn Lighting|url=http://www.r-type.org/articles/art-004e.htm|title=Electrons in Picture Tubes|location= United Kingdom|date=1964}}</ref>

===Development===
The technology of a cathode-ray tube derives from a paper of [[Karl Ferdinand Braun]] in 1897 which describes his development of cathode-ray [[oscilloscope]]. Braun's paper came out just a few months before [[JJ Thomson]]'s work that lead to the discovery that [[cathode-ray]]s are streams of corpuscles now called [[electrons]].<ref>Buchwald, J. Z., & Warwick, A. (2001). Histories of the Electron. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 27, 45-56.</ref>{{rp|66}}

In 1926, [[Kenjiro Takayanagi]] demonstrated a CRT TV receiver with a mechanical video camera that received images with a 40-line resolution.<ref name="nhk.or.jp">{{cite web
 |url=http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/
 |url-status= dead
 |title=Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television
 |date=2002
 |website=
 |publisher=[[NHK]] (Japan Broadcasting Corporation)
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101180643/http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/
 |archive-date= 2016-01-01
 |access-date= 2021-11-10
}}</ref> By 1927, he improved the resolution to 100 lines, which was unrivaled until 1931.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forrester |first1=Chris |title=High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company |date=2011 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]]|location=Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-642-12009-1 |page=220 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhlFaxDwrsC&pg=PA220 }}</ref> By 1928, he was the first to transmit human faces in half-tones on a CRT display.<ref name="abramson">
{{cite book
 |last=Abramson
 |first=Albert
 |date=1995
 |title=Zworykin, Pioneer of Television
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyurXyEBPxkC&pg=PA231
 |location=Urbana
 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]
 |page= 231
 |isbn=0-252-02104-5
}}</ref>

In 1927, [[Philo Farnsworth]] created a TV prototype.<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Pruitt |author-first=Sarah |title=Who Invented Television? |df=dmy-all |date=2021-06-29 |website=History Channel |publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC. |url=https://www.history.com/news/who-invented-television |access-date=2021-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{US patent|1773980}}: Television system (filed January 7, 1927, issued August 26, 1930)</ref><ref>{{US patent|1773981}}: Television receiving system (filed January 7, 1927, issued August 26, 1930)</ref><ref>{{US patent|1758359}}: Electric oscillator system (filed January 7, 1927, issued May 13, 1930)</ref><ref>{{US patent|1806935}}: Light valve (filed January 7, 1927, issued May 26, 1931)</ref>

The CRT was named in 1929 by inventor [[Vladimir K. Zworykin]].<ref name="abramson" />{{rp|84}} He was subsequently hired by [[RCA]], which was granted a [[trademark]] for the term "Kinescope", RCA's term for a CRT, in 1932; it voluntarily released the term to the [[public domain]] in 1950.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=RCA Surrenders Rights to Four Trade-Marks |magazine=[[Television/Radio Age (magazine)|Radio Age]] |date=October 1950 |page=21 |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Age/Radio-Age-1950-October.pdf| location = New York
| publisher = [[Radio Corporation of America]] }}</ref>

In the 1930s, [[Allen B. DuMont]] made the first CRTs to last 1,000&nbsp;[[hours]] of use, which was one of the factors that led to the widespread adoption of TV.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hart |first1=Hugh |title=Jan. 29, 1901: DuMont Will Make TV Work |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/01/jan-29-1901-dumont-will-make-tv-work-2/ |magazine=Wired |date=28 January 2010 }}</ref>

The first commercially made electronic TV sets with cathode-ray tubes were manufactured by [[Telefunken]] in [[Germany]] in 1934.<ref>
{{cite web
 |url=http://www.earlytelevision.org/telefunken.html
 |title=Early Electronic TV Gallery: Telefunken
 |website=Early Television Museum
 |publisher=Early Television Foundation
 |access-date=2021-11-10
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.tvhistory.tv/1934-35-Telefunken-FEIII.JPG
 |title=1934–35 Telefunken FE-III CRT (30cm) Germany
 |website=Television History: The First 75 Years
 |publisher=TVhistory.tv
 |access-date=2021-11-10
 |archive-date=29 May 2008
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529173916/http://www.tvhistory.tv/1934-35-Telefunken-FEIII.JPG
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

In 1947, the [[cathode-ray tube amusement device]], the earliest known [[interactive]] [[electronic game]] as well as the first to incorporate a cathode-ray tube screen, was created.<ref>{{cite book
 |last=Ivory
 |first=James D.
 |author-link=
|chapter=A brief history of video games
|editor1-first=Rachel
|editor1-last=Cowert
|editor2-first=Thorsten
|editor2-last=Quandt
|editor-link2=Thorsten Quandt
 |date= 2016
 |title= The Video Game Debate: Unravelling the Physical, Social, and Psychological Effects of Digital Games
 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-JzCgAAQBAJ&dq=The+Video+Game+Debate&pg=PR4
 |location= London
 |publisher= [[Routledge]]
 |page= 3
 |isbn= 978-1-138-83160-5
}}</ref>

From 1949 to the early 1960s, there was a shift from circular CRTs to rectangular CRTs, although the first rectangular CRTs were made in 1938 by Telefunken.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlytelevision.org/telefunken_rfb_t2.html|website=www.earlytelevision.org |title=Pre-War CRTs: Telefunken RFB/T2 |publisher=Early Television Museum |access-date= 2021-11-11}}</ref><ref name="auto68"/><ref>
{{cite magazine
| last        = Codel
| first       = Martin
| title       = TV Digest<!-- unsure of which page originating wikipedian was using for reference, amend title if known-->
| url         = https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-TV-Digest/40s/TV-Digest-1949-01.pdf
| magazine    = TV Digest
| location    = Washington D.C.
| publisher   = Radio News Bureau
| date        = 1949
| access-date = 2021-11-11
}}</ref><ref name="auto42">
{{cite magazine
| author      = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
| publisher   = [[Radio Corporation of America]]
| date        = Autumn 1964<!--https://www.earlytelevision.org/pdf/electronic_age_autumn_1964.pdf-->
}}</ref><ref name="auto102">{{Cite web|url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/motorola_prototype_crt.html|title=Picture Tubes: Motorola Prototype Rectangular Color CRT|website=www.earlytelevision.org
 |last=Harland
 |first=Doug
 |publisher=Early Television Museum
 |access-date=2021-11-11
}}</ref><ref name="auto30">
{{cite magazine
| last        = Keller
| first       = Peter A.
| date        = October 2007
| title       = Tektronic CRT History: Part 5: The hybrid years: 1961-64
| url         = https://vintagetek.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Tek-CRT-History-Keller-Oct-2007-Pt5.pdf
| magazine    = The Tube Collector
| volume      = 9
| issue       = 5
| page        = 5
| location    = Ashland, Oregon
| publisher   = Tube Collectors Association
| access-date =2021-11-11
}}</ref> While circular CRTs were the norm, European TV sets often blocked portions of the screen to make it appear somewhat rectangular while American sets often left the entire front of the CRT exposed or only blocked the upper and lower portions of the CRT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8067379/raytheon-model-m-1601-console-television-receiver-television-receiver|title=Raytheon Model M-1601 console television receiver|website=collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
 |publisher=[[Science Museum, London|Science Museum Group]]
 |access-date=2021-11-11
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/westinghouse_890cku19.html|title=Westinghouse 19 Inch Color TV Ad|website=www.earlytelevision.org
 |publisher=Early Television Museum
 |access-date=2021-11-11}}</ref>

In 1954, RCA produced some of the first color CRTs, the 15GP22 CRTs used in the [[CT-100]],<ref name="auto90">{{Cite web|url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/15gp22.html|title=15GP22 Color CRT|website=www.earlytelevision.org
 |publisher=Early Television Museum
 |access-date=2021-11-11
}}</ref> the first color TV set to be [[mass produced]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lancasteronline.com/news/rca-pioneers-remember-making-the-first-color-tv-tube/article_2d5e6fb1-6c7d-55ce-82b8-255fe3c15497.html|title=RCA pioneers remember making the first color TV tube
|author1-first=Tim
|author1-last=Mekeel
|author2-first=Laura
|author2-last=Knowles
|website=LancasterOnline
|date=2013-09-12
|publisher=LNP Media Group Inc.
|access-date=2021-11-11
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210804052600/https://lancasteronline.com/news/rca-pioneers-remember-making-the-first-color-tv-tube/article_2d5e6fb1-6c7d-55ce-82b8-255fe3c15497.html
|archive-date= 2021-08-04
}}</ref> The first rectangular color CRTs were also made in 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/dumont_color_crt.html|title=DuMont Experimental Color
 |website=www.earlytelevision.org
 |publisher=Early Television Museum
 |access-date=2021-11-11
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
 |author-link=Zenith Electronics
 |date=1955
 |title=The Zenith Story: A History from 1918 to 1954
 |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_multipage_pdf.cfm?pdf=zenith_story_radiomuseum_org.pdf
 |location=Chicago
 |publisher=Zenith Electronics Corporation
 |page= 24
}}</ref> However, the first rectangular color CRTs to be offered to the public were made in 1963. One of the challenges that had to be solved to produce the rectangular color CRT was convergence at the corners of the CRT.<ref name="auto102"/><ref name="auto42"/> In 1965, brighter rare earth phosphors began replacing dimmer and cadmium-containing red and green phosphors. Eventually blue phosphors were replaced as well.<ref>{{Cite patent |country=US | number=3989977 |title=Color picture tube |pubdate=1976-11-02|inventor1-first=Shigeya|inventor1-last=Ashizaki|assign=[[Matsushita Electric|Matsushita Electronics Corp.]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent |country=US |number=3394084 |title=Rare earth activated indium borate cathodoluminescent phosphors |pubdate=1968-07-23|inventor1-first=Frank J|inventor1-last=Avella|assign=[[GTE|General Telephone and Electronics Laboratories Inc.]]
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent |country=US |number=3418246 |inventor-first=Martin R|inventor-last=Royce|title=Rare earth activated yttrium and gadolinium oxy-chalcogenide phosphors|pubdate=1968-12-24|assign=[[Radio Corporation of America]]}}</ref><ref name="auto93">
{{cite report
 | author      = <!-- none, staff writers -->
 | date        = <!-- or |year= -->
 | title       = RCA Phosphors for Cathode-Ray Tubes, Black-and-White and Color Picture Tubes, and other Applications
 | url         = http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/components/rca/crt/TPM-1508A_RCA_Phosphors_Oct61.pdf
 | publisher   = Electron Tube Division, [[Radio Corporation of America]]
 | format      = booklet
 | location    = Harrison, NJ
 | docket      = TPM-1508A
 | access-date = 2021-11-11
}}</ref><ref name="auto40">{{cite web|url=https://toshiba-mirai-kagakukan.jp/learn/history/ichigoki/1972cathode_ray/index_j.htm|title=東芝未来科学館：世界初のブラック・ストライプ方式ブラウン管|language=ja
 |trans-title=The world's first black stripe cathode-ray tube
 |date=1995
 |website=Toshiba Science Museum
 |publisher=Toshiba Corporation
 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent |number=3440080 |inventor1-last=Tamura|inventor1-first= Michio|inventor2-last= Nakamura |inventor2-first=Mitsuyoshi |pubdate=1969-04-22|assign=[[Sony Corp.]]|country=US|title=Cathode ray tube color screen and method of producing same}}</ref>

The size of CRTs increased over time, from 20 inches in 1938,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crtsite.com/page3.html|title=Cathode Ray Tubes: The CRT History page|website=www.crtsite.com
 |publisher=The Cathode Ray Tube
 |access-date=2021-11-11
}}</ref>{{efn|Experimental 31 inch CRTs were made as far back as 1938.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/rca_31inch_crt.html|title=RCA 31 Inch CRT|website=www.earlytelevision.org
 |publisher=Early Television Museum
 |access-date=2021-11-11
}}</ref>}} to 21 inches in 1955,<ref name="auto59">{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlytelevision.org/21axp22.html|title=21AXP22|website=www.earlytelevision.org
 |publisher=Early Television Museum
 |access-date=2021-11-11
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/22_inch_color_tubes.html|title=CBS and Westinghouse 22 Inch Rectangular Color Tubes|website=www.earlytelevision.org
 |publisher=Early Television Museum
 |access-date=2021-11-11}}</ref> 25 inches by 1974, 30 inches by 1980, 35 inches by 1985,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/142550/article.html|title=1988 vs. 2008: A Tech Retrospective|date= 2008-02-22|website=[[PC World|PCWorld.com]]
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506223854/https://www.pcworld.com/article/142550/article.html
 |last=Waring
 |first=Becky
 |publisher=[[IDG Communications Inc.]]
 |access-date=2021-11-11
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-date=2021-05-06
}}</ref> and 43&nbsp;inches by 1989.<ref>
{{cite web
 |url=https://docs.sony.com/release/PVM4300.pdf
 |title= Sony Trinitron Color Video Monitor PVM-4300
 |date=1989
 |website=www.sony.com
 |publisher=[[Sony Corp.]]
 |access-date=2021-11-11
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-date=2020-10-28
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028191204/https://www.docs.sony.com/release/PVM4300.pdf
}}</ref> The world largest was the [[Sony KX-45ED1]] at 45 inches but only one known working model exists.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfZxOuc9Qwk |title=What Happened to the World's Largest Tube TV? |date=2024-12-22 |last=Shank Mods |access-date=2025-02-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dgkw3uu19V8 |title=Overview of the KX45ED1 / PVM-4300 (Worlds Largest CRT) |date=2024-12-31 |last=More Shank Mods |access-date=2025-02-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

In 1960, the [[Aiken tube]] was invented. It was a CRT in a flat-panel display format with a single electron gun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/geer_color_crt.html|title=Geer Experimental Color CRT|website=www.earlytelevision.org
 |publisher=Early Television Museum
 |access-date=2021-11-11
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/10/50-years-ago-the-world-in-1961/100172/|title=50 Years Ago: The World in 1961|first=Alan|last=Taylor|website=www.theatlantic.com
 |date=2011-10-19
 |publisher=[[The Atlantic Monthly Group]]
 |access-date=2021-11-11
|quote= 24:TV viewers of the 1970s will see their programs on sets quite different from today's, if designs now being worked out are developed. At the Home Furnishings Market in Chicago, Illinois, on June 21, 1961, a thin TV screen is a feature of this design model. Another feature is an automatic timing device which would record TV programs during the viewers' absence to be played back later. The 32x22-inch color screen is four inches thick.
}}</ref> Deflection was electrostatic and magnetic, but due to patent problems, it was never put into production. It was also envisioned as a [[head-up display]] in aircraft.<ref>
{{cite magazine
| author      = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
| date        = January 1958
| title       = Thin Tube Foretells Wall TV and Sky view for Air Pilot
| url         = https://archive.org/details/PopularMechanics1958/Popular_Mechanics_01_1958/page/n105/mode/2up
| magazine    = [[Popular Mechanics]]
| volume      = 109
| issue       = 1
| location    = Chicago
| publisher   = Popular Mechanics Company
| page        = 104
| access-date = 2021-11-11
}}
</ref>  By the time patent issues were solved, RCA had already invested heavily in conventional CRTs.<ref>
{{cite interview
|last = Aiken
|first= William Ross
|interviewer= Jaimeson Cobleigh
|title= William Ross Aiken
|type= telephone
|date= 1996-10-30
|publisher= [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE History Center]]
|url= https://ethw.org/Oral-History:William_Ross_Aiken
|access-date=2021-11-11
}}</ref>

1968 marked the release of [[Sony]] [[Trinitron]] brand with the model KV-1310, which was based on Aperture Grille technology. It was acclaimed to have improved the output brightness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame: Sony Trinitron |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/amp/the-consumer-electronics-hall-of-fame-sony-trinitron-2650277800 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=ieeespectrum |language=en}}</ref> The Trinitron screen was identical with its upright cylindrical shape due to its unique triple cathode single gun construction. 

In 1987, flat-screen CRTs were developed by [[Zenith Electronics|Zenith]] for computer monitors, reducing reflections and helping increase image contrast and brightness.<ref name="auto106">
{{cite magazine
| last        = Free
| first       = John
| title       = Flat-face tubes — crisp new look for computers, TVs
| url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=Frbtc4mssNQC&q=flat+face+tubes
| magazine    = [[Popular Science]]
| location    = New York
| publisher   = [[Times Mirror Company|Times Mirror Magazines Inc.]]
| date        = August 1986
| pages       = 22–24
|volume=229
|issue=4
| access-date = 2021-11-11
}}
</ref><ref name="auto84">
{{cite magazine
| last        = Soviero
| first       = Marcelle M.
| title       = Truer-to-life TV: Flat-look CRTs
| url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=kwEAAAAAMBAJ&q=flat-look+crts&pg=PA45
| magazine    = [[Popular Science]]
| location    = New York
| publisher   = [[Times Mirror Company|Times Mirror Magazines Inc.]]
| date        = April 1992
| page        = 45
|volume=240
|issue=4
| access-date = 2021-11-11
}}
</ref> Such CRTs were expensive, which limited their use to computer monitors.<ref name="auto94">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-09-30-9103140692-story.html|title=TV makers tuning in to flat screens to help round out sales|first=Rich|last=Warren|website=chicagotribune.com
 |date=1991-09-30
 |publisher=[[Chicago Tribune]]
 |access-date=2021-11-11
}}</ref> Attempts were made to produce flat-screen CRTs using inexpensive and widely available [[float glass]].<ref name="auto37">{{Cite web|url=https://www.crtsite.com/page3-3.html|title=Prototype CRTs|website=www.crtsite.com
 |publisher=The Cathode Ray Tube
 |access-date=2021-11-11
}}</ref>

In 1990, the first CRT with HD resolution, the Sony KW-3600HD, was released to the market. It is considered to be "historical material" by Japan's national museum.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.shmj.or.jp/english/appproducts/app90s.html | title=SHMJ &#124; 90s Application Products }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2109846/feel-old-1990-sony-trinitron-tv-now-considered-historical | title=1990 Sony Trinitron TV now considered 'historical material' in Japan | date=5 September 2017 }}</ref>
The Sony KWP-5500HD, an HD CRT projection TV, was released in 1992.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/itej1978/47/7/47_7_936/_article/-char/ja|title=1-2 投写型テレビ|first1=通孝|last1=大沢|first2=昇|last2=小島|first3=浩二|last3=平田|first4=孝明|last4=的野|first5=哲夫|last5=浅野|date=17 September 1993|journal=テレビジョン学会誌|volume=47|issue=7|pages=936–940|via=J-Stage|doi=10.3169/itej1978.47.936}}</ref>

In the mid-1990s, some 160 million CRTs were made per year.<ref name="auto27">{{Cite web|url=https://www.global.toshiba/ww/news/corporate/1995/12/pr2101.html|title=Press Releases 21 December, 1995 &#124; News &#124; Toshiba|website=www.global.toshiba}}</ref>

In the mid-2000s, Canon and Sony presented the [[surface-conduction electron-emitter display]] and [[field-emission display]]s, respectively. They both were flat-panel displays that had one (SED) or several (FED) electron emitters per subpixel in place of electron guns. The electron emitters were placed on a sheet of glass and the electrons were accelerated to a nearby sheet of glass with phosphors using an anode voltage. The electrons were not focused, making each subpixel essentially a flood beam CRT. They were never put into mass production as LCD technology was significantly cheaper, eliminating the market for such displays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodgearguide.com.au/article/357585/canon_signals_end_road_sed_tv_dreams/|title=Canon signals end of the road for SED TV dreams|website=Good Gear Guide|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109013338/https://www.goodgearguide.com.au/article/357585/canon_signals_end_road_sed_tv_dreams/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The last large-scale manufacturer of (in this case, recycled)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resource-recycling.com/e-scrap/2015/01/09/three-more-years-of-videocon-crt-demand/|title=Three more years of Videocon CRT demand?|date=9 January 2015}}</ref> CRTs, [[Videocon]], ceased in 2015.<ref name="auto88">{{Cite web|url=https://resource-recycling.com/e-scrap/2020/03/12/a-look-at-where-californias-crt-glass-is-going/|title=A look at where California's CRT glass is going|date=12 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/08/15/489629491/saying-goodbye-to-old-technology-and-a-legendary-nyc-repair-shop|title=Saying Goodbye To Old Technology — And A Legendary NYC Repair Shop|website=NPR.org}}</ref> CRT TVs stopped being made around the same time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/onida-exits-dvd-business-aims-to-phase-out-crt-tv-manufacturing-by-2015-114012800284_1.html|title=Onida exits DVD business, aims to phase out CRT TV manufacturing by 2015|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=28 January 2014|last1=Narasimhan|first1=T. E.}}</ref>

In 2012, [[Samsung]] SDI and several other major companies were fined by the [[European Commission]] for [[price fixing]] of TV cathode-ray tubes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2012 |title=Philips, LG Electronics, 4 others fined 1.47&nbsp;billion Euros for EU cartel |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international-business/philips-lg-electronics-4-others-fined-1-47-billion-euros-for-eu-cartel/articleshow/17493208.cms |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526112242/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-12-05/news/35620323_1_lg-electronics-cartel-samsung-sdi |archive-date=26 May 2013}}</ref>
The same occurred in 2015 in the US and in Canada in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4648296/price-fixing-settlement-old-tvs/|title=Price fixing settlement: If you owned a TV in 1995 you could get money back|website=Global News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Levine |first1=Dan |title=Companies in cathode ray tube price fixing lawsuit reach $528 million deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-samsung-philips-settlement-idUSKBN0OH3BX20150601 |work=Reuters |date=1 June 2015 }}</ref>

Worldwide sales of CRT computer monitors peaked in 2000, at 90 million units, while those of CRT TVs peaked in 2005 at 130 million units.<ref name="auto20">{{Cite web|url=https://news.mit.edu/2010/crt-recycle|title=CRTs going down the tubes? Hardly|website=MIT News &#124; Massachusetts Institute of Technology|date=2 February 2010 }}</ref>

===Decline===
Beginning in the late 1990s to the early 2000s, CRTs began to be replaced with LCDs, starting first with computer monitors smaller than 15 inches in size,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/TECH/ptech/02/15/crt.monitors.idg/|title=CNN.com - Are you looking at your last CRT? - February 15, 2002|website=CNN}}</ref> largely because of their lower bulk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcw.com/articles/1999/07/25/flexscan-l66-a-sound-choice-in-flatpanel-displays.aspx|title=FlexScan L66: A sound choice in flat-panel displays|first1=Pat|last1=McClung|date=July 25, 1999|website=FCW|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126152702/https://fcw.com/articles/1999/07/25/flexscan-l66-a-sound-choice-in-flatpanel-displays.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>  Among the first manufacturers to stop CRT production was [[Hitachi]] in 2001,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/50240-hitachi-will-still-manufacture-crt-monitors|title=Hitachi Will Still Manufacture CRT Monitors - ExtremeTech|website=www.extremetech.com|date=26 July 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregister.com/2001/07/26/hitachi_to_ditch_crt_monitors/|title=Hitachi to ditch CRT monitors|first=Robert|last=Blincoe|website=www.theregister.com}}</ref> followed by Sony in Japan in 2004.<ref name="auto62">{{Cite news|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/sony-to-stop-making-old-style-cathode-ray-tube-tvs|title=Sony to stop making old-style cathode ray tube TVs|website=MarketWatch |author1=Marketwatch }}</ref> [[Flat-panel display]]s dropped in price and started significantly displacing cathode-ray tubes in the 2000s. LCD monitor sales began exceeding those of CRTs in 2003–2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/lcds-outsell-crts-in-q4-2003/|title=LCDs outsell CRTs in Q4 2003|first=Kristyn|last=Maslog-Levis|website=ZDNet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.audioholics.com/news/lcds-overtake-and-outsell-crts-in-q3-2004|title=LCDs Overtake and Outsell CRTs in Q3 2004!|website=Audioholics Home Theater, HDTV, Receivers, Speakers, Blu-ray Reviews and News|date=8 December 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eetimes.com/lcd-monitors-outsold-crts-in-q3-says-displaysearch/|title=LCD monitors outsold CRTs in Q3, says DisplaySearch &#124; EE Times|date=9 December 2004 }}</ref> and LCD TV sales started exceeding those of CRTs in some markets in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/canada-daytek-adds-40inch-lcd-hd|title=Canada: Daytek Adds 40-Inch LCD HD|website=TVTechnology|date=28 September 2005}}</ref> Samsung SDI stopped CRT production in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2012&no=206660|title=Samsung SDI halts CRT production in Malaysia plant - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea|website=pulsenews.co.kr}}</ref>

Despite being a mainstay of display technology for decades, CRT-based computer monitors and TVs are now [[obsolete]]. Demand for CRT screens dropped in the late 2000s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wong|first=May|title=Flat Panels Drive Old TVs From Market |publisher=AP via USA Today |date= 22 October 2006 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/gear/2006-10-22-crt-demise_x.htm |access-date=8 October 2006}}</ref> Despite efforts from Samsung and LG to make CRTs competitive with their LCD and plasma counterparts, offering slimmer and cheaper models to compete with similarly sized and more expensive LCDs,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/lg-philips-displays-ups-production-of-slim-crts/|title=LG.Philips Displays ups production of slim CRTs|first=Richard|last=Shim|website=CNET}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/lg-samsung-try-to-save-the-crt-20050819-gdlwh2.html|title=LG, Samsung try to save the CRT|date=19 August 2005|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.hexus.net/ce/news/audio-visual/4947-samsung-unveils-hdtv-compatible-crt/|title=Samsung unveils HDTV-compatible CRT - Audio Visual - News - HEXUS.net|website=m.hexus.net}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{cite web | title=Philips division launches slim CRTs | website=South China Morning Post | date=2003-01-28 | url=https://www.scmp.com/article/404922/philips-division-launches-slim-crts | language=id | access-date=2020-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/worlds-slimmest-crt-digital-tv-built-20040720-gdjdmo.html|title=World's slimmest CRT digital TV built|website=amp.smh.com.au|date=19 July 2004 }}</ref> CRTs eventually became [[obsolete]] and were relegated to developing markets and [[Vintage (design)|vintage]] enthusiasts once LCDs fell in price, with their lower bulk, weight and ability to be wall mounted coming as advantages.

Some industries still use CRTs because it is too much effort, downtime, or cost to replace them, or there is no substitute available; a notable example is the airline industry. Planes such as the [[Boeing 747-400]] and the [[Airbus A320]] used CRT instruments in their [[glass cockpit]]s instead of mechanical instruments.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pal|first=Soumyadeep|title=The Iconic Boeing 747 Heads Into The Sunset. An Enduring Legacy.|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnstrickland/2020/08/25/the-iconic-boeing-747-heads-into-the-sunset--an-enduring-legacy/?sh=67855deb728d|access-date=2022-08-30|website=Forbes|date=25 August 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> Airlines such as [[Lufthansa]] still use CRT technology, which also uses [[floppy disk]]s for navigation updates.{{cn|date=June 2024}}  They are also used in some military equipment for similar reasons. {{as of|2022}}, at least one company manufactures new CRTs for these markets.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAQs |url=https://www.thomaselectronics.com/faq/ |website=Thomas Electronics |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>

A popular consumer usage of CRTs is for [[retro gaming]]. Some games are impossible to play without CRT display hardware. [[Light gun]]s only work on CRTs because they depend on the progressive timing properties of CRTs. Another reason people use CRTs is due to the natural blending of the image on the displays. Some games designed for CRT displays exploit this, and use the blending of detail and color to turn raw pixels into softer images for aesthetic appeal and variety.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wimmer |first=Michael |date=20 March 2024 |title=Pixel Art Restoration |url=https://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/research/publications/2024/wagner-2024-par/ |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=Tu Wien}}</ref> In addition, compared to LCD Displays, CRTs have a reduced input latency between when one touches the controller and the action is reflected on screen; allowing for more precise control for consumers.<ref name="eurogamer" />