Editing Catatonia (section)

== Classification ==

=== Modern classifications ===
In both the [[DSM-5]] and the [[ICD-11]], catatonia is diagnosed if an individual has at least three different symptoms associated with catatonia at once. These symptoms are stupor, [[catalepsy]], [[waxy flexibility]], [[mutism]], negativism, posturing, mannerisms, [[Stereotypy|stereotypies]], [[psychomotor agitation]], grimacing, [[echolalia]], and [[echopraxia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reed |first1=Geoffrey M. |last2=First |first2=Michael B. |last3=Kogan |first3=Cary S. |last4=Hyman |first4=Steven E. |last5=Gureje |first5=Oye |last6=Gaebel |first6=Wolfgang |last7=Maj |first7=Mario |last8=Stein |first8=Dan J. |last9=Maercker |first9=Andreas |last10=Tyrer |first10=Peter |last11=Claudino |first11=Angelica |last12=Garralda |first12=Elena |last13=Salvador-Carulla |first13=Luis |last14=Ray |first14=Rajat |last15=Saunders |first15=John B. |date=2019-01-02 |title=Innovations and changes in the ICD-11 classification of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=World Psychiatry |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=3–19 |doi=10.1002/wps.20611 |pmc=6313247 |pmid=30600616}}</ref><ref name="DSM-5-introduction">{{Cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/119 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-89042-555-8 |edition=Fifth |location=Arlington, VA |pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/119 119–121]}}</ref> The ICD-11 divides catatonia into three types based on the underlying cause: catatonia associated with another mental disorder, catatonia induced by psychoactive substance, and secondary catatonia.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Like the ICD-11, the DSM-5 divides catatonia into three diagnoses, Catatonia Associated with Another Mental Disorder, Catatonic Disorder due to Another Medical Condition, and Unspecified Catatonia (when the underlying cause is unknown). The most common of the three diagnoses is Catatonia Associated with Another Mental Disorder.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} Around 20% of cases are caused by an underlying medical condition.<ref name="Oldham 333–340">{{Cite journal |last=Oldham |first=Mark A. |date=2018-07-01 |title=The Probability That Catatonia in the Hospital has a Medical Cause and the Relative Proportions of Its Causes: A Systematic Review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0033318218301828 |journal=Psychosomatics |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=333–340 |doi=10.1016/j.psym.2018.04.001 |pmid=29776679 |issn=0033-3182}}</ref>