Editing Castine, Maine (section)

==History==
[[Image:The waterfront in Castine, ME IMG 2361.JPG|200px|left|thumb|Waterfront in Castine]]
Its commanding position at the mouth of the [[Penobscot River]] [[estuary]], a lucrative source of [[fur trading|furs]] and [[timber]], as well as a major transportation route into the interior, made the peninsula occupied by the present-day town of Castine of particular interest to European Colonialization in the 17th century.

Majabagaduce (as the Indian name would be corrupted) changed hands numerous times with shifting imperial politics. At one time or another, it was occupied by the [[French people|French]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and [[England]]'s [[Plymouth Colony]].<ref name="Varney 1886">{{Citation
  | last = Varney | first = George J. | title = Gazetteer of the state of Maine. Castine | place = Boston
  | publisher = Russell | year = 1886 | url = http://history.rays-place.com/me/castine-me.htm | access-date = April 28, 2008
  | archive-date = May 9, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080509183405/http://history.rays-place.com/me/castine-me.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Contested territory===
Castine was founded in the winter of 1613, when Acadian leader [[Claude de Saint-Étienne de la Tour]] established a small [[trading post]] to conduct business with the Tarrantine Indians (now called the [[Penobscot people|Penobscots]]).<ref name=Coolidge>{{Cite book |last1=Coolidge |first1=Austin J. |first2=John B. |last2=Mansfield |title=A History and Description of New England |publisher=A.J. Coolidge |year=1859 |location=Boston, Massachusetts |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ/page/n121 87]–90 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ|quote=coolidge mansfield history description new england 1859. }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2015}}
[[File:Castine hist.JPG|thumb|220px|Marker commemorating the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] conquest of [[Acadia]] (1674), which was renamed [[New Holland (Acadia)|New Holland]]. This is the spot where [[Jurriaen Aernoutsz]] buried a bottle at the capital of Acadia, [[Fort Pentagouët]], Castine, Maine.]]

In 1613, a raid by English captain [[Samuel Argall]] at [[Mount Desert Island]] signaled the start of a long-running dispute over the boundary between French Acadia to the north and the English colonies to the south. There is evidence that de La Tour immediately challenged the English action by re-establishing his trading post in the wake of Argall's raid.{{sfnp|Griffiths|2005|p=31}} [[John Smith of Jamestown|Captain John Smith]] charted the area in 1614 and referred to French traders in the vicinity.

In 1625, Charles de la Tour erected a fort named [[Fort Pentagouet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.castine.me.us/display.phtml?tid=9 |title=Town of Castine |access-date=November 10, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721161437/http://www.castine.me.us/display.phtml?tid=9 |archive-date=July 21, 2007 }}</ref> English colonists from the [[Plymouth Colony]] seized it in 1628, and made it an administrative outpost of their colony. Colonial Governor [[William Bradford (Plymouth governor)|William Bradford]] personally traveled there to claim it.

In 1635, it was retaken by the French and again incorporated into Acadia; Governor [[Isaac de Razilly]] sent [[Charles de Menou d'Aulnay]] de Charnisay to retake the village.<ref>M. A. MacDonald. Fortune and La Tour, p. 63</ref> In 1638, d'Aulnay built a more substantial fort named Fort St. Pierre.{{sfnp|Dunn|2004|p=19}}

Acadian [[Emmanuel Le Borgne]] with 100 men raided the settlement in 1653.{{sfnp|Griffiths|2005|p=63}} Major General [[Robert Sedgwick (colonist)|Robert Sedgwick]] led 100 New England volunteers and 200 of [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s soldiers on an expedition against Acadia in 1654. Before taking its capital [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port Royal]], Sedgwick captured and plundered the French settlement at Pentagouêt.{{sfnp|Dunn|2004|p=23}} The English occupied Acadia for the next 16 years.{{sfnp|Dunn|2004|p=24}}
[[File:BaronDeStCastin1881byWill H Lowe Wilson Museum Archives.jpg|left|thumb|[[Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin|Baron Jean-Vincent de Saint-Castin]]]]
In 1667, after the [[Treaty of Breda (1667)|Treaty of Breda]] brought peace, French authorities dispatched the [[Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin|Baron Jean-Vincent de Saint-Castin]] to take command of Pentagouêt. The baron married an Abenaki woman, the daughter of the [[sachem]] Modockawando. She adopted the French name Mathilde and bore him 10 children.<ref name="acadiansingray.com">http://www.acadiansingray.com/Appendices-Acadian%20Marriages.htm White,''Dictionnaire Acadiennes''</ref> The baron became a widower and then married another Abenaki woman named Marie Pidiwammiskwa who bore him two additional children.<ref name="acadiansingray.com"/> Castine soon became a force in colonial trade and diplomacy.

Castine served as the Acadian regional capital between 1670 and 1674.<ref name=Daigle/>

During the [[Franco-Dutch War]] (1674), Pentagouët and other Acadian ports were captured by the Dutch captain [[Jurriaen Aernoutsz]] who arrived from [[New Amsterdam]], renaming [[Acadia]], [[New Holland (Acadia)|New Holland]]. The Dutch turned the fort's cannon on its own walls and destroyed most of it after the second [[siege]]. Saint-Castin himself retook it in 1676 and renamed the town Bagaduce, a shortened version of Majabigwaduce.

During [[King William's War]], Saint-Castin's settlement was plundered by English Governor Sir [[Edmund Andros]] in 1688. In response, Saint-Castin led an [[Abenaki people|Abenaki]] war party to raid the English settlement at [[Siege of Pemaquid (1689)|Pemaquid]] (present-day [[Bristol, Maine]]) in August 1689.<ref>Drake, ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_L_AXAAAAIAAJ/page/n24 <!-- pg=9 quote=La Chine. --> The Border wars of New England]'', pp. 10-42</ref> In 1692 the village was again seized by the English, when Major [[Benjamin Church (ranger)|Benjamin Church]] destroyed the fort and looted the settlement. With the return of Baron de Saint-Castin and his sons to [[France]], the settlement became sparsely occupied.
[[File:CastineMainePlaqueJamesGiles.jpg|thumb|Sign at site of death of [[John Gyles]]' brother, Dyce Head Lighthouse Rd., Castine, Maine<ref>In Castine, Maine, a plaque on Dyce Head Lighthouse Rd. says: UPON THESE HEIGHTS, in 1692, James Giles [brother of John Gyles], a boy, and an Englishman, taken at Casco (initially taken in the [[Siege of Pemaquid (1689)]]), held in slavery by [[Madockawando]] for attempting to escape, were tortured by fire, compelled to eat their noses and ears and then burned to death at the stake" (See [https://archive.org/stream/memoirsoddadven01gylegoog#page/n18/mode/2up/search/brother John Gyles' captivity narrative, p. 10-11]).</ref>]]

During [[Queen Anne's War]], in response to the French [[Raid on Deerfield]] in February 1704, New England Colonel [[Benjamin Church (ranger)|Benjamin Church]] raided Saint-Castin's settlement (then known as Penobscot) before moving on to raid the Acadian villages at present-day [[St. Stephen, New Brunswick]], [[Raid on Grand Pré|Grand Pré]], [[Pisiguit]] (present-day [[Windsor, Nova Scotia]]), and [[Isthmus of Chignecto|Chignecto]]. Saint-Castin's daughter was taken in the raid.<ref>Benjamin Church, Thomas Church, Samuel Gardner Drake. The history of King Philip's war; also of expeditions against the French and Indians in its Eastern parts of New England, in the years 1689, 1692, 1696 AND 1704. With some account of the divine providence towards Col. Benjamin Church.p. 261</ref>

===British colony===
At the end of the [[French and Indian War]], which secured English title to [[North America]], the unoccupied lands along the Maine coast were opened to settlement by [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts]] colonists. By the late 1760s, farmers, artisans, and small traders were beginning to take title to properties in and around "Major Baggadoose." Though the fur trade was long dead, the region's abundant fisheries and timber attracted entrepreneurs, and the attention of the British government, which was always on the lookout for store to supply its growing navy. Bagaduce was especially valuable for supplying [[Eastern White Pine|timber]] suitable for [[mast (sailing)|masts]] on British warships.<ref name="Coolidge"/>

===American Revolution===
[[Image:Ruins of Fort George, Castine, ME IMG 2373.JPG|225px|right|thumb|Ruins of former [[Fort George (Castine, Maine)|Fort George]] in Castine]]
{{Main|Penobscot Expedition}}
In early July 1779, nearly three years after the American Patriots had declared independence from Britain, a British naval and military force under the command of [[Francis McLean (British Army officer)|General Francis McLean]] sailed into Castine's commodious harbor, landed troops, and established the colony [[New Ireland (Maine)|New Ireland]]. They began erecting [[Fort George (Castine, Maine)|Fort George]] on one of the highest points of the peninsula. Alarmed by this incursion, the [[Massachusetts General Court|Massachusetts legislature]] dispatched what became known as the [[Penobscot Expedition]]. The military expedition consisted of a fleet of 19 armed vessels and 24 transports, carrying 344 guns, under [[Dudley Saltonstall]], and a land force of about 1,200 men, under General Solomon Lovell, seconded by [[Peleg Wadsworth|Gen. Peleg Wadsworth]]. [[Paul Revere|Col. Paul Revere]] was given charge of the ordnance.

[[File:Dice Head Light Castine ME.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Dice Head Light]]house in Castine]]
Although badly outnumbered, British soldiers of the [[74th Regiment of (Highland) Foot|74th Regiment of Foot]] (Argyle Highlanders), managed to repel American attacks for nearly three weeks. In mid-August, British reinforcements appeared at the head of the bay. The Americans eventually abandoned the fight and retreated up the Penobscot River, destroying their entire fleet along the way to keep it out of British hands. The failed [[Penobscot Expedition]], which cost the revolutionaries $8 million and 43 ships, proved to be the greatest [[United States Navy|American naval]] defeat until [[Pearl Harbor]] in 1941. The 74th Regiment held Majabagaduce until the end of the war, when it was ceded to the Americans as part of the peace settlement. Saltonstall and Revere were later [[court-martial]]ed, charged with cowardice and insubordination; the boards found Saltonstall guilty, but acquitted Revere.

At the end of the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], many American Loyalists in the area migrated eastward to the [[Canada|Canadian]] [[Maritimes]], some towing their houses behind their boats. Subsequently, known as [[United Empire Loyalists]], they crossed the newly established [[Canada–United States border|international boundary line]] of the [[St. Croix River (Maine-New Brunswick)|St. Croix River]] and established [[Saint Andrews, New Brunswick|St. Andrews]], one of the oldest towns in [[New Brunswick]]. In addition, many soldiers of the 74th chose to be disbanded in St. Andrews (last muster May 24, 1784), and took up land grants there along with the Loyalists, rather than return to Britain.<ref name="Coolidge"/>

===Incorporation===
In 1762, the Provincial General Court granted the land designated as Township Number Three, commonly known as Majorbigwaduce or Majabigwaduce, to a group of proprietors. After some disputes concerning the proprietors' claims to the land, the General Court of Massachusetts recognized Township No. 3 and incorporated it as the Town of Penobscot in 1787. Penobscot then included what are now the towns of Castine, [[Penobscot, Maine|Penobscot]], and [[Brooksville, Maine|Brooksville]]. On February 10, 1796, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts passed an act which separated Penobscot into the towns of Castine and Penobscot. Castine held its first town meeting on April 4, 1796.<ref>Wheeler, History of Castine, 56-57, 64, 342</ref>

===War of 1812===
[[Image:Castine postoffice.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Castine's post office, established in 1794 and in the same building since 1833, is one of the United States's oldest post offices in continuous operation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://webpmt.usps.gov/pmt004.cfm|title=USPS - Postmasters and Where They Served}}</ref>]]
The population reached 1036 in the 1810 Census. During the [[War of 1812]], from his base in [[City of Halifax|Halifax, Nova Scotia]], in August and September 1814, Sir [[John Coape Sherbrooke]] sent a naval force and 500 British troops to conquer Maine and (again) establish the colony of [[New Ireland (Maine)|New Ireland]]. In 26 days, they succeeded in taking possession of [[Hampden, Maine|Hampden]], [[Bangor, Maine|Bangor]], and [[Machias, Maine|Machias]], destroying or capturing 17 American ships. They won the [[Battle of Hampden]] (losing two killed while the Americans lost one killed) and occupied the village of Castine for the rest of the war. A raging smuggling trade developed between Castine and the rest of Maine during its occupation.<ref>Smith, ''Making Maine''</ref> The [[Treaty of Ghent]] returned this territory to the United States. The British left in April 1815, at which time they took 10,750 pounds obtained from tariff duties at Castine. This money, called the "Castine Fund", was used in the establishment of [[Dalhousie University]], in [[City of Halifax|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]].<ref>[[Daniel Cobb Harvey|D.C. Harvey]], "The Halifax–Castine expedition," ''Dalhousie Review'', 18 (1938–39): 207–13.</ref> The population was 975 at the Census of 1820.

===1820–1960===
[[File:Union war memorial, Castine, ME IMG 2378.JPG|200px|right|thumb|The [[American Civil War|Civil War]] monument on the village green is dedicated "In memory of the soldiers and sailors from Castine who offered their lives in The War for the Preservation of the Union."]]
With the growth of the postwar economy, the town became a prosperous place: the seat of Hancock County and a center for shipbuilding and coastal trading. By the 1820s, it had become a major [[entrepot]] for American fishing fleets on their way to the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]]. It also prospered from the lumber industry, in which eastern Maine dominated before the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. During this period of growth and prosperity, many of the handsome [[Federal style architecture|Federal]] and [[Greek Revival]] style mansions that still grace the village's streets were constructed.

[[Image:Castine from Fort George.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Castine from Fort George'', 1856, by [[Fitz Henry Lane]]]]
Castine declined after the Civil War. By then its fleet, which once sailed the globe, carried coal, firewood, and lime to coastal ports in competition with railroads and steamships. Ambitious young people sought their fortunes elsewhere. In 1838, the Hancock County seat moved to [[Ellsworth, Maine|Ellsworth]].<ref name="Coolidge"/>

By the 1870s, Castine's quaint old architecture and cool summer air attracted "rusticators"—well-to-do urban families seeking rest and recreation. Its charms also drew activists, including [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] and [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], whose writings romanticized its past. By the 1890s, wealthy families from [[Boston]], [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]] and [[Chicago]] were buying up old farms and sea captains' houses. Hotels and inns opened as Castine became a flourishing summer colony. Since 1867, it had been site of the Eastern State Normal School.<ref name="Varney 1886"/>

In the 1930s, the [[Great Depression]] and the automobile killed off the hotel trade, the steamship lines that had linked coastal towns and islands, and the local fishing industry. The fortunes of the community did not revive until the 1960s, with the rediscovery of the town's charms by a new generation of summer tourists.<ref name="History of Castine, Maine"/>{{failed verification|date=December 2016}}

===1980s–2000s===
[[Image:Witherle Memorial Library, Castine, ME IMG 2379.JPG|200px|right|thumb|The Witherle Memorial Library]]
[[Image:Unitarian Universalist Church, Castine, ME IMG 2381.JPG|200px|right|thumb|[[Unitarian Universalist Church]] at 86 Court Street in Castine dates to 1790.]]
[[Image:Castine mainstreet.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Main Street toward the Castine dock on a cloudy day]]
[[Image:Castine as view from the waterfront IMG 2368.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Main Street as viewed from the dock on a sunny summer day]]
[[Image:Four Flags antique shop, Castine, ME IMG 2367.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Four Flags gift shop in Castine]]
A key element in the revival of Castine has been the expansion of the [[Maine Maritime Academy]]. Established in 1941 to train merchant seamen, by the 1980s the academy offered a range of courses in engineering, management, transportation, and nautical and ocean science. Its campus, once the home of the Eastern State Normal School, features a library (available to the public) and extensive athletic facilities.

Castine has a number of historic sites and parks (including the ruins of British earthworks at Fort George), a deep water harbor (with tie-ups for small boats beyond the current of the Penobscot and Bagaduce rivers), a non-exclusive club offering golf, tennis and yachting facilities, restaurants, and four churches ([[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]], [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]], [[Congregational]] and [[Unitarian Universalist]]). In addition, the town has a public library, an historical society, and the [[Wilson Museum]], an institution featuring exhibits of anthropological, natural and local artifacts. Castine's streets are lined with Federal, Greek Revival, [[Cape Cod (house)|Cape Cod]] and other antique style houses, and shaded by large [[elm]]s which are replaced with [[Dutch elm disease|disease-resistant]] strains when they succumb. The Castine Post Office is in one of the oldest Post Office buildings in continuous operation in the United States. The Federal government began leasing the building (built in 1817) in 1833 and later purchased the building. In 1869 the building was renovated to accommodate the Castine Post Office.<ref>USPS Historian's Office, 475 L'Enfant Plaza, Washington DC</ref><ref name="History of Castine, Maine"/>