Editing Casablanca (section)

== Etymology ==
=== Anfa ===
Before the 15th century, the settlement at what is now Casablanca had been called ''Anfa'', rendered in European sources variously as El-Anfa, Anafa or Anaffa, Anafe, Anife, Anafee, Nafe, and Nafee.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=André |first=Adam |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/479295174 |title=Histoire de Casablanca '(des origines à 1914) '. |date=1969 |publisher=Ophrys |pages=14–17 |oclc=479295174 |access-date=2021-04-02 |archive-date=2021-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316193332/https://www.worldcat.org/title/histoire-de-casablanca-des-origines-a-1914/oclc/479295174 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ibn Khaldun]] ascribed the name to the ''Anfaça'', a branch of the {{Interlanguage link|Auréba|ar|أوربة}} tribe of the [[Maghreb]], though the sociologist [[André Adam (academic)|André Adam]] refuted this claim due to the absence of the third syllable.<ref name=":6" /> [[Nahum Slouschz]] gave a [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] etymology, citing the ''Lexicon'' of [[Wilhelm Gesenius|Gesenius]]: ''anâphâh'' (a type of bird) or ''anaph'' (face, figure), though Adam refuted this arguing that even a [[Berber Jews|Judaized population]] would still have spoken [[Berber languages|Tamazight]].<ref name=":6" /> Adam also refuted an [[Arabic]] etymology, {{Lang|ar|أنف}} (''anf'', "nose"), as the city predated the linguistic [[Arabization]] of the country, and the term ''anf'' was not used to describe geographic areas.<ref name=":6" /> Adam affirmed a Tamazight etymology—from ''anfa'' "hill", ''anfa'' "promontory on the sea", ''ifni'' "sandy beach", or ''anfa'' "threshing floor"—although he determined the available information insufficient to establish exactly which.<ref name=":6" />

The name "Anfa" was used in maps until around 1830—in some until 1851—which Adam attributes to the tendency of cartographers to replicate previous maps.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=André.|first=Adam|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/479295174|title=Histoire de Casablanca '(des origines à 1914) '.|date=1969|publisher=Ophrys|pages=67–68|oclc=479295174|access-date=2021-04-02|archive-date=2021-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316193332/https://www.worldcat.org/title/histoire-de-casablanca-des-origines-a-1914/oclc/479295174|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casablanca ===
[[File:ضريح علال القيرواني 1915.jpg|thumb|The [[Mausoleum of Allal al-Qairawani]], which local legend associates with the naming of Casablanca.<ref name=":7" />]]
When the [[Alawi dynasty|''ʿ''Alawi]] Sultan [[Mohammed ben Abdallah]] ({{circa|1710}}–1790) rebuilt the city after its destruction in the [[1755 Meknes earthquake|earthquake of 1755]], it was renamed "''ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʾ'' " ({{Lang|ar|الدار البيضاء}} ''The White House''), though in [[Moroccan Arabic|vernacular]] use it was pronounced "''Dar al-Baiḍā''" ({{Lang|ar|دار البيضاء}} literally ''House of the White,'' although in [[Moroccan Arabic]] vernacular it retains the original sense of ''The White House'').<ref name=":7" />

The origins of the name "Casablanca" are unclear, although several theories have been suggested. [[André Adam (academic)|André Adam]] mentions the legend of the [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint and merchant [[Allal al-Qairawani]], who supposedly came from [[Tunisia]] and settled in Casablanca with his wife Lalla al-Baiḍāʾ ({{Lang|ar|لالة البيضاء}} ''White Lady'').<ref name=":7" /> The villagers of [[Mediouna, Morocco|Mediouna]] would reportedly provision themselves at "Dar al-Baiḍāʾ" ({{Lang|ar|دار البيضاء}} ''House of the White'').<ref name=":7" />

In fact, on a low hill slightly inland above the [[ruins of Anfa]] and just to the west of today's city centre, it appears there was a [[white-washed]] structure, possibly a Sufi [[Zawiya (institution)|zawiya]] that acted as a landmark to sailors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deroy |first=Louis |title=Dictionnaire des noms de lieux |publisher=Dictionnaires Le Robert |year=1994 |isbn=2-85036-195-X |location=France |pages=94 |language=FR}}</ref> The Portuguese cartographer [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira|Duarte Pacheco]] wrote in the early 16th century that the city could easily be identified by a tower, and nautical guides from the late 19th century still mentioned a "white tower" as a point of reference.<ref name=":7" /> The Portuguese mariners [[calque]]d the modern Arabic name to "Casa Branca" ({{IPA|pt|kazɐ'bɾɐ̃kɐ|}} ''White House'') in place of Anfa.<ref name=":7" /> The name "Casablanca" was then a [[calque]] of the Portuguese name when the Spanish took over trade through the [[Iberian Union]].<ref name=":7" />

During the [[French protectorate in Morocco]], the name remained Casablanca ({{IPA|fr|kazablɑ̃ka|pron}}). Today, Moroccans still call the city Casablanca or ''Casa'' for short, or by its Arabic name, pronounced {{Transliteration|ary|d-Dār l-Biḍā}} in Moroccan Arabic or {{Transliteration|arb|ad-Dāru-l-Bayḍā'}} in [[Standard Arabic]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Hachimi |first=Atiqa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_aSAgAAQBAJ |title=Arabic in the City: Issues in Dialect Contact and Language Variation |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-135-97876-1 |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Catherine |pages=100 |language=en |chapter=Becoming Casablancan: Fessis in Casablanca as a case study |quote=However, in the sixteenth century the Portuguese decided to come back to the area and settle in it permanently. They built the city and named it ''Casa Branca'' "the white house". In 1755, the Portuguese abandoned the city after an earthquake that destroyed it completely. After the departure of the Portuguese, Casablanca remained deserted until the Alaouite Sultan Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah rebuilt it near the end of the eighteenth century. He renamed it ''Addaru lbayḍaʔ'', which is the literal Arabic translation for ''Casa Branca''. The city acquired its Spanish name ''Casa Blanca'' when Spanish companies established themselves in the city in 1781. Today the city is known by its Standard Arabic name ''addaru lbayḍaʔ'', and ''d-dar(l)biḍa'' in Moroccan Arabic, as well as ''Casablanca'' or ''Casa'' for short. |editor-last2=Al-Wer |editor-first2=Enam |editor-last3=Caubet |editor-first3=Dominique |editor-last4=Watson |editor-first4=Janet C. E. |access-date=2023-03-09 |archive-date=2023-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402141829/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_aSAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>