Editing Cartel (section)

== Etymology ==
The word ''cartel'' comes from the Italian word ''[[wikt:cartello|cartello]]'', which means a "leaf of paper" or "placard", and is itself derived from the Latin ''charta'' meaning "card".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=cartel {{!}} Search Online Etymology Dictionary|url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=Cartel|access-date=2021-08-16|website=Etymonline}}</ref> The Italian word became ''cartel'' in [[Middle French]], which was borrowed into English. In English, the word was originally used for a written agreement between warring nations to regulate the treatment and exchange of prisoners<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cartel|title=Definition of CARTEL|website=Merriam-Webster|language=en|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> from the 1690s onward.<ref name=":0" /> From 1899 onwards, the usage of the word became generalized as to mean [[Cartel (intergovernmental agreement)|any intergovernmental agreement]] between rival nations.<ref name=":0" />

The use of the English word cartel to describe an economic group rather than international agreements was derived much later in the 1800s from the German ''Kartell'', which also has its origins in the French ''cartel''.<ref name=":0" /> It was first used between German railway companies in 1846 to describe tariff- and technical [[standardization]] efforts. The first time the word was referred to describe a kind of restriction of competition was by the Austro-Hungarian political scientist [[Lorenz von Stein]],<ref name="Leonhardt 2013 14">{{Cite book|last=Leonhardt|first=Holm A.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/826595283|title=Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen theoriegeschichtliche Studien|date=2013|others=Michael Gehler|isbn=978-3-487-14840-3|location=Hildesheim|pages=14|oclc=826595283}}</ref> who wrote on tariff cartels:

{{blockquote |text= There's no more one-sided perspective than the one saying that such rate-cartels are "monopoly cartels" or cartels for the "exploitation of carriers".|sign= [[Lorenz von Stein]], 1874<ref name="Leonhardt 2013 14" />}}