Editing Carolina parakeet (section)

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Conuropsis carolinensis ludovicianus.jpg|thumb|upright|''C. c. ludovicianus'' by [[John James Audubon]]]] 
''Carolinensis'' is a species of the [[genus]] ''Conuropsis'', one of numerous genera of [[New World]] [[Neotropical]] parrots in family [[Psittacidae]] of [[true parrot]]s.

The binomial ''Psittacus carolinensis'' was assigned by Swedish zoologist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'' published in 1758. The species was given its own genus, ''Conuropsis'', by Italian zoologist and ornithologist [[Tommaso Salvadori]] in 1891 in his ''Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum'', volume&nbsp;20. The name is derived from the Greek-ified ''conure'' ("parrot of the genus ''[[Conurus]]''" an obsolete name of genus ''Aratinga'') + ''-opsis'' ("likeness of") and Latinized ''Carolina'' (from [[Carolana]], an English colonial province{{#tag:ref|A reference to the 17th&nbsp;century English province of [[Carolana]], called ''Florida'' by the Spaniards and ''La&nbsp;Louisiane'' by the French, a grant from King Charles&nbsp;I, which included the territory extending from the Atlantic Ocean to New Mexico, between the 30th and 36th&nbsp;parallels of latitude, which encompasses on the Atlantic Seaboard the modern states of North and South Carolina |group=Note}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Coxe |first=Daniel |date=1722 |title=A description of the English province of Carolana |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_35450 |location=London|isbn=9780665354502 }}</ref>) + ''-ensis'' (of or "from a place"), therefore a bird "like a conure from Carolina".

Two subspecies are recognized: The [[Louisiana]] subspecies of the Carolina parakeet, ''C. c. ludovicianus'',{{#tag:ref|''ludovicianus'', Latinized "of Louisiana", a reference to the [[Louisiana Territory]] of the early 19th&nbsp;century, which does not include the modern state of Louisiana.|group=Note}} was slightly different in color from the [[nominate subspecies]], being more bluish-green and generally of a somewhat subdued coloration, and became extinct in much the same way, but at a somewhat earlier date (early 1910s). The [[Appalachian Mountains]] separated these birds from the eastern ''C.&nbsp;c.&nbsp;carolinensis''.<ref name="BurgioCarlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Burgio |first1=Kevin R. |last2=Carlson |first2=Colin J. |last3=Tingley |first3=Morgan W. |title=Lazarus ecology: Recovering the distribution and migratory patterns of the extinct Carolina parakeet |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=14 |year=2017 |pages=5467–5475 |issn=2045-7758 |doi=10.1002/ece3.3135 |pmid=28770082 |pmc=5528215|bibcode=2017EcoEv...7.5467B }}</ref>

===Evolution===
According to a study of [[mitochondrial DNA]] recovered from museum specimens, their closest living relatives include some of the South American ''[[Aratinga]]'' parakeets: The [[Nanday parakeet]], the [[sun conure]], and the [[golden-capped parakeet]]. The authors note the bright yellow and orange plumage and blue wing feathers found in ''C. carolinensis'' are traits shared by another species, the [[jandaya parakeet]] (''A.&nbsp;jandaya''), that was not sampled in the study, but is generally thought to be closely related.{{#tag:ref|Sun parakeet, golden-capped parakeet and jenday parakeet together with sulphur-breasted parakeet are collectively referred to as the ''[[Sun parakeet#Taxonomy|Aratinga solstitialis complex]]''; they are so closely related that they are considered by some authorities to be subspecies of A.&nbsp;solstitialis.|group=Note}} To help resolve the divergence time, a whole genome of a preserved specimen has now been sequenced.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gelabert|first1=Pere|last2=Sandoval-Velasco|first2=Marcela|last3=Serres|first3=Aitor|last4=Manuel|first4=Marc de|last5=Renom|first5=Pere|last6=Margaryan|first6=Ashot|last7=Stiller|first7=Josefin|last8=de-Dios|first8=Toni|last9=Fang|first9=Qi|last10=Feng|first10=Shaohong|last11=Mañosa|first11=Santi|date=2020-01-06|title=Evolutionary History, Genomic Adaptation to Toxic Diet, and Extinction of the Carolina Parakeet|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=30|issue=1|pages=108–114.e5|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.066|issn=0960-9822|pmid=31839456|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020CBio...30E.108G |hdl=10230/43920|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Conuropsis DNA">{{cite journal|last1=Kirchman |first1=Jeremy J. |last2=Schirtzinger |first2=Erin E. |last3=Wright |first3=Timothy F. |date=2012 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the extinct Carolina Parakeet (''Conuropsis carolinensis'') inferred from DNA sequence data |doi=10.1525/auk.2012.11259 |journal=The Auk |volume=129 |issue=2 |pages=197–204 |s2cid=86659430 |url=http://biology-web.nmsu.edu/twright/publications/Kirchmanetal2012Auk_PROOFS.pdf |access-date=22 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919173555/http://biology-web.nmsu.edu/twright/publications/Kirchmanetal2012Auk_PROOFS.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bennu |first=Devorah |date=19 September 2012 |title=Extinct Carolina parakeet gives glimpse into evolution of American parrots |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/grrlscientist/2012/sep/19/1?CMP=twt_gu |access-date=22 September 2012}}</ref> The Carolina parakeet colonized North America about 5.5&nbsp;million years ago. This was well before North America and South America were joined by the formation of the [[Panama]] [[land bridge]] about 3.5&nbsp;[[million years ago|mya]]. Since the Carolina parakeets' more distant relations are geographically closer to its own historic range while its closest relatives are more geographically distant to it, these data are consistent with the generally accepted hypothesis that Central and [[North America]] were colonized at different times by distinct lineages of parrots – parrots that originally invaded South America from [[Antarctica]] some time after the breakup of [[Gondwana]], where Neotropical [[parrot#Taxonomy|parrots originated]] approximately 50&nbsp;mya.
[[File:AudubonCarolinaParakeet2.jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration by [[John James Audubon]]]]
The following [[cladogram]] shows the placement of the Carolina parakeet among its closest relatives, after a DNA study by Kirchman ''et al''. (2012):<ref name="Conuropsis DNA"/>
{{clade
|style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%
|label1=[[Arini (tribe)|Arini]]
|1={{clade
 |label1=
 |1={{clade
  |label1=
  |1=''[[Cyanopsitta spixii]]'' (Spix's macaw)
  |2={{clade
   |label1=
   |1=''[[Orthopsittaca]]'' (red-bellied macaw)
   |2={{clade
    |label1=
    |1={{clade |label1=|1=''[[Primolius]]'' (contains three species) }}
    |label2=[[Ara (bird)|''Ara'']]
    |2={{clade
     |label1=
     |1=''[[Ara macao]]'' (scarlet macaw)
     |2=''[[Ara glaucogularis]]'' (blue-throated macaw)
 }} }} }} }}
 |2={{clade
  |label1=
  |1={{clade
   |label1=
   |1='''''Conuropsis carolinensis''''' ('''Carolina parakeet''')
   }}
  |label2=''[[Aratinga]]''
  |2={{clade
   |label1=
   |1={{clade |label1=|1=''[[Aratinga nenday]]'' (Nanday parakeet)}}
   |2={{clade
    |label1=
    |1=''[[Aratinga solstitialis]]'' (sun conure)
    |2=''[[Aratinga auricapillus]]'' (golden-capped parakeet)
}} }} }} }} }}

A fossil parrot, designated ''Conuropsis fratercula'', was described based on a single [[humerus]] from the [[Miocene]] Sheep Creek Formation (possibly late [[Hemingfordian]], c.&nbsp;16&nbsp;mya, possibly later) of [[Snake River (Nebraska)|Snake River]], Nebraska.<ref name=Wetmore>{{cite journal |last=Wetmore |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Wetmore |date=1926 |title=Descriptions of additional fossil birds from the Miocene of Nebraska |journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |issue=211 |pages=1–5 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/3188/1/N0211.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612110112/http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/3188/1/N0211.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was a smaller bird, three-quarters the size of the Carolina parakeet. "The present ''species'' is of peculiar interest as it represents the first known parrot-like bird to be described as a fossil from North America." (Wetmore 1926;<ref name="Wetmore"/> italics added) However, it is not completely certain that the species is correctly assigned to ''Conuropsis''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Olson |first=Storrs L. |author-link=Storrs L. Olson |editor1-last=Farner |editor1-first=Donald S. |editor2-last=King |editor2-first=James R. |editor3-last=Parkes |editor3-first=Kenneth C. |date=1985 |title=Avian Biology |volume=8 |isbn=0-12-249408-3 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |location=New York |chapter=The fossil record of birds. Section VIII. K. Psittaciformes |pages=120–121}}</ref>