Editing Carmel-by-the-Sea, California (section)

==History==

=== Spanish and Mexican eras ===
[[File:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (Oriana Day, c.1877–84).jpg|thumb|left|[[Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo]], established in 1770, was the headquarters of the [[Spanish missions in California|Californian mission system]] from 1797 until 1833.]]
The first Europeans to see Carmel were mariners led by [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] in 1542, who sailed up the California coast without landing. Another sixty years passed before Spanish explorer, [[Sebastián Vizcaíno]] landed in what is now known as Carmel Valley in 1602. It is thought that he named the river running through the valley Rio Carmelo in honor of the three [[Carmelite]] [[friar]]s serving as chaplains for the voyage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Temple|first=Sydney |date=March 1, 1987 |title=Carmel-by-the-Sea: From Aborigines to Coastal Commission |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vu_phmoXQCoC&q=carmel+by+the+sea+from+aborigines+to+coastal+commission | publisher=Angel Press |isbn=9780912216324}}</ref>

The Spanish did not attempt to colonize the area until 1770, when [[Gaspar de Portolá]], along with [[Franciscan]] priests [[Junípero Serra]] and [[Juan Crespí]], visited the area in search of a [[Mission (Christianity)|mission]] site. Portolà and Crespí traveled by land while Serra traveled with supplies aboard ship, arriving eight days later. The colony of Monterey was established at the same time as the second mission in [[Alta California]] and soon became the capital of California, remaining so until 1849.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Timeline of Monterey |url=https://files.monterey.org/MPLibrary/Documents/HistoryRoom/Historic%20Timeline.pdf |website=Monterey Public Library |access-date=July 8, 2022 |date=April 28, 2005 |quote=On April 18, 1774, Monterey is named the capital of Las Californias, upper and lower California. ... On February 3, 1777, Monterey becomes the official capital of Alta California.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Previous Capitols — and Capitals — of California |url=https://library.ca.gov/california-history/previous-ca-capitals/ |website=[[California State Library]] |access-date=July 6, 2022 |quote=Monterey [was] the Spanish and Mexican capital of California (1776–1846).}}</ref> From the late 18th through the early 19th century most of the Ohlone population died from European diseases (against which they had no immunity), as well as overwork and malnutrition at the missions where the Spanish forced them to live. 
[[File:Carmel California, 1794 sketch by John Sykes.jpg|thumb|left|The village of Carmel in 1794]]
[[Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo]] was founded on June 3, 1770, in the nearby settlement of [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], but was relocated to [[Carmel Valley Village, California|Carmel Valley]] by [[Junípero Serra]] due to interactions between soldiers stationed at the nearby [[Presidio of Monterey, California|Presidio]] and the native Indians.<ref name="Slevin">{{cite book |title = Guide Book to the Mission of San Carlos at Carmel and Monterey, California | last=Slevin, Slevin| first=L.S., M. E.| publisher = Carmel News Co.|year = 1912| pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=jUZDAAAAIAAJ 9–11] |asin = B000893QGS}}</ref>

In December 1771, a stockade of approximately 130x200 became the new Mission Carmel. Simple buildings of plastered mud were the first church and dwellings until a structure was built of wood from nearby pine and cypress trees to last through the seasonal rains. This too, was a temporary church until a permanent stone edifice was built.<ref name="Slevin" /> In 1784, Serra died and was buried, at his request, at the Mission in the Sanctuary of the San Carlos Church, next to Crespí, who had died the previous year. Serra was buried with full military honors.<ref name="Slevin" /> Carmel Mission contains the state's first library.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/carmel_mission.html|title=Carmel Mission—American Latino Heritage: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary|website=www.nps.gov|access-date=January 28, 2019|archive-date=January 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010858/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/carmel_mission.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

When Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, Carmel became [[Alta California#Independent Mexico (1821–1846)|Mexican territory]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2021 |title=Carmel Mission |url=https://www.nps.gov/places/carmel-mission.htm |access-date=August 30, 2023 |website=U.S. National Park Service |language=en}}</ref>

=== Early American era ===
[[File:View_of_Carmel,_c._1839.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo|Mission San Carlos]] in 1839]]
Carmel became part of the United States in 1848, when Mexico ceded California as a result of the [[Mexican–American War]].
In the 1850s, "Rancho Las Manzanitas", the area that was to become Carmel-by-the-Sea, was purchased by French businessman [[Honoré Escolle]]. Escolle was known and prosperous in the City of Monterey, owning the first commercial bakery, pottery kiln, and brickworks in Central California.<ref name="Bostick"/><ref name="Hudson">{{cite book|last=Hudson |first=Monica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiDfTQBUJOgC&q=%22Edward%20Kuster%22 |title=Carmel-By-The-Sea |publisher=Arcadia Publishing|place=Carmel-by-the-Sea, California|date=2006|pages=29–30|isbn=9780738531229|access-date=April 16, 2022}}</ref>

William Martin of [[Scotland]] arrived in Monterey in 1856 by ship with his family. His son, [[John Martin (pioneer)|John Martin]] (1827–1893), bought land around the [[Carmel River (California)|Carmel River]] from Lafayette F. Loveland in 1859. He built the Martin Ranch on {{convert|216|acre}} that went as far as the Carmel River to the homes along Carmel-by-the-Sea. The ranch became known as the [[Mission Ranch]] because it was so close to the Carmel Mission. They farmed potatoes and barley and had a milk dairy.<ref name="Bostick">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/ccarm_002713/page/n7/mode/2up?q=%22John+Martin%22
|title=Carmel Story Shifting Scene Chapter III|author=Daisy Bostick|work=The Carmel Pine Cone|date=September 26, 1947|page=8|access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pineconearchive.fileburstcdn.com/211210PC.pdf |title=There were horses, cows and swine, but surprisingly, no sheep|work=The Carmel Pine Cone|date=December 10, 2021|page=23|access-date=December 10, 2021}}</ref>

In 1888, Escolle and [[Santiago J. Duckworth]] filed a subdivision map with the County Recorder of Monterey County. By 1889, 200 lots had been sold. The name "Carmel" was earlier applied to another place on the north bank of the [[Carmel River (California)|Carmel River]] {{convert|13|mi|km}} east-southeast of the present-day Carmel.<ref name="CGN" /> A post office called Carmel opened in 1889, closed in 1890, re-opened in 1893, moved in 1902, and closed for good in 1903.<ref name="CGN" /><ref>Carmel-By-The-Sea Monica Hudson – 2006 "The romantic name, Carmel-by-the-Sea, was the gift of a group of women real estate developers, later used in advertising lots for "brain workers at indoor employment."</ref> [[Abbie Jane Hunter]], founder of the San Francisco-based Women's Real Estate Investment Company,<ref>Carmel:: A History in Architecture – Page 27 Kent Seavey – 2007 "By 1892, Abbie Jane Hunter, founder of the San Francisco based Women's Real Estate Investment Company, had joined forces with the Duckworth interests and had a large community bathhouse constructed on Carmel's beach."</ref> first used the name "Carmel-by-the-Sea" on a promotional postcard.<ref>Kathleen Thompson Hill, Gerald Hill – Monterey and Carmel 1999 "Joining forces with Duckworth to promote Carmel, Mrs. Hunter first used the name "Carmel-by-the-Sea" in a mailer. But during the 1890s, sales were stagnant and the project was losing money. Duckworth went to see successful San Jose real &nbsp;..."</ref><ref name="Carmel"/>

=== Modern era ===
In 1902, [[James Franklin Devendorf]] and [[Frank Hubbard Powers]], on behalf of the [[Carmel Development Company]], filed a subdivision map of the core village that became Carmel. They asked Michael J. Murphy to help build the houses. From 1902 to 1940, he built nearly 350 buildings in Carmel.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Grimes|first1=Teresa|last2=Heumann|first2=Leslie|url=https://ci.carmel.ca.us/sites/main/files/file-attachments/final_updated_carmel_historic_context_statement_091208-b.pdf?1510262312|title=Historic Context Statement Carmel-by-the-Sea|work=Leslie Heumann and Associates1994|access-date=January 18, 2022|archive-date=January 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118183219/https://ci.carmel.ca.us/sites/main/files/file-attachments/final_updated_carmel_historic_context_statement_091208-b.pdf?1510262312|url-status=live}}</ref> The Carmel post office opened the same year.<ref name="CGN">{{California's Geographic Names|881}}</ref> In 1899, Fritz Schweninger opened the first bakery on Ocean Avenue, called the [[Schweninger Building|Carmel Bakery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pineconearchive.com/210625PCA.pdf|title= Professional historians refuse to settle for half-baked legends |author=Neal Hotelling|work=Carmel Pine Cone|place=Carmel-by-the-Sea, California|date=June 24, 2021|pages=27–28|access-date=June 22, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dramov|first=Alissandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QX-TDwAAQBAJ&q=Schweinger|title=Historic Buildings of Downtown Carmel-by-the-Sea|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|place=Carmel-by-the-Sea, California|date=2019|page=66|isbn=9781467103039|access-date=June 22, 2022}}</ref>  In 1910, the [[Carnegie Institution]] established the Coastal Laboratory, and a number of scientists moved to the area. Carmel incorporated in 1916.<ref name="CGN" />

In 1905, the ''[[Carmel Arts and Crafts Club]]'' was formed to support and produce artistic works. After the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]], the village was inundated with musicians, writers, painters and other creatives. These new residents were offered home lots—ten dollars as a down payment, little or no interest, and whatever they could afford to pay on a monthly basis.<ref>Barbara J. Klein, The Carmel Monterey Peninsula Art Colony: A History, accessed at {{cite web |url=http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/5aa/5aa300.htm |title=The Carmel Monterey Peninsula Art Colony: A History; article by Barbara J. Klein |access-date=August 1, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827084926/http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/5aa/5aa300.htm |archive-date=August 27, 2009 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2023}} In 1906, the ''[[San Francisco Call]]'' devoted a full page to the "artists, writers and poets at Carmel-by-the-Sea".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19060114.2.185.4 |title=Among the Artists, Writers and Poets at Carmel-by-the-sea. |author=Brooks, Ida L. |date=January 14, 1906 |volume=99 |number=45 |newspaper=San Francisco Call |access-date=August 15, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005114415/http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19060114.2.185.4 |archive-date=October 5, 2016 }}</ref>

The Carmel Arts and Crafts Club held exhibitions, lectures, dances, and produced plays and recitals at numerous locations, including the [[Pine Inn]] Hotel, before purchasing a lot on Casanova Street, where they built a clubhouse in 1907.<ref name="californianprepress.com" /> By 1914, the club had achieved national recognition.<ref name="californianprepress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.californianprepress.com/thecalifornian/specialsections/uploads/ads/NonProfits05/NonProfit09.pdf |title=When the Carmel 'Bohemians' met The Ladies of The Arts & Crafts Club |publisher=californianprepress.com |date=December 24, 2005 |access-date=January 7, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708111932/http://www.californianprepress.com/thecalifornian/specialsections/uploads/ads/NonProfits05/NonProfit09.pdf |archive-date=July 8, 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Mary Austin, Jack London, George Sterling, Jimmie Hooper, restored.jpg|thumb|left|Carmel became a hub for artists and writers in the early 1900's. Pictured are [[George Sterling]], [[Mary Hunter Austin|Mary Austin]], [[Jack London]], and [[James Hopper (writer)|Jimmie Hopper]] at Carmel Beach, c. 1905.]]
In 1911, Carmel began a tradition of presenting plays by Shakespeare with a production of ''[[Twelfth Night]]'', directed by Garnet Holme of UC Berkeley and featuring future mayors Perry Newberry and Herbert Heron. ''Twelfth Night'' was again presented in 1940 at Heron's inaugural Carmel Shakespeare Festival, and was repeated in 1942 and 1956.<ref name="Carmel"/>

In 1915, during the [[Panama–Pacific International Exposition]] in [[San Francisco]], various items showcasing Carmel were featured in the Monterey County exhibit within the California Building. This exhibit included natural and industrial products of this part of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-californian-panamapacific-internati/139631351/|title=Tuesday March 2nd, Monterey Co. Day|work=The Californian|place=Salinas, California|date=February 5, 1915|page=1|access-date=January 26, 2024}}</ref> As part of Carmel's involvement in the Exposition, the ''Junipero Serra or The Padres'' performance from the [[Forest Theater]] took place on July 30–31, 1915, within the Court of the Universe. This pageant, written and directed by [[Perry Newberry]], was a tribute to Father [[Junipero Serra]] and featured prominent citizens of Carmel in its cast, such as [[Frederick R. Bechdolt]] and [[Grant Wallace]]. Around twenty-five thousand individuals attended these performances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-junipero-serr/139632208/|title=Carmel Pageant See at Fair Days of Missions Are Portrayed|work=The San Francisco Examiner|place=San Francisco, California|date=July 31, 1915|page=6|access-date=January 26, 2024}}</ref>
[[File:La Playa Hotel, ca. 1906.jpg|thumb|right|[[La Playa Hotel]], founded in 1913, is one of Carmel's oldest establishments.]]
In 1925, [[Paul Aiken Flanders]]  built the [[Outlands in the Eighty Acres|Flanders Mansion]] and used his home as a model for the [[Hatton Fields]] subdivision.<ref>{{cite web|last=Seavey |first=Kent L. |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Outlands in the Eighty Acres |url={{NRHP url|id=89000228}} |publisher=National Park Service |date=August 1988 |access-date=February 5, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94299711/paul-falnders/ |title=Easter Brings Eastbay Folk to Art Colony |work=Oakland Tribune|place=Oakland, California|date=April 12, 1925|page=21 |access-date=February 5, 2022}}</ref> The City of Carmel purchased the Flanders Mansion and adjoining {{convert|14.9|acre}} in 1972, from the Flanders heirs for US$275,000 ({{Inflation|US|275000|1972|fmt=eq}}). It has become part of the {{convert|34|acre|adj=on}} Mission Trail Nature Preserve.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94299711/paul-falnders/|title=Easter Brings Eastbay Folk to Art Colony|work=Oakland Tribune|place=Oakland, California|date=April 12, 1925|page=21|access-date=February 5, 2022|archive-date=February 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205224301/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94299711/paul-falnders/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1932, the city developed the [[Devendorf Park]] that occupies the block of Ocean Avenue and Junipero Street. The city park is Carmel's central gathering place for outdoor events.<ref name="Grimes">{{cite web|last1=Grimes|first1=Teresa|last2=Heumann|first2=Leslie|url=https://ci.carmel.ca.us/sites/main/files/file-attachments/final_updated_carmel_historic_context_statement_091208-b.pdf?1510262312 |title=Historic Context Statement Carmel-by-the-Sea|work=Leslie Heumann and Associates1994|access-date=January 18, 2022}}</ref>