Editing Carlisle, Pennsylvania (section)

==History==
The [[France|French]]-born fur trader [[James Le Tort]] may have built a cabin in the area as early as 1720.<ref>[https://www.livingplaces.com/PA/Cumberland_County/Carlisle_Borough.html Carlisle Borough, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UnZOAQAAMAAJ Godcharles, Frederic Antes, ''Chronicles of Central Pennsylvania.'' Lewis historical publishing Company, Incorporated, 1944.]</ref>{{rp|113}} During the [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial era]], [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scots-Irish]] settlers began to settle in the Cumberland Valley beginning in the early 1730s. The settlement of Carlisle, at the intersection of several Indigenous trails, was designated by the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly|Pennsylvania assembly]] and the [[William Penn#Family|Penn family]] in 1751 as the seat of Cumberland County (named for the [[Cumberland|county of the same name]] in England). American engineer [[John Armstrong Sr.]], a surveyor for the Penn family, laid the plan for the settlement of Carlisle in 1751. Armstrong Sr. settled there and fathered [[John Armstrong Jr.]] in 1758. They named the settlement after its sister town of [[Carlisle, Cumbria|the same name]] in [[Cumberland]], England, and even designed its former jailhouse (which now serve as general government offices in the county) to resemble the [[Carlisle Citadel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitcumbria.com/car/carlisle-citadel/|title=Carlisle Citadel|access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref>

As a result of [[American Indian Wars|conflicts]] on the [[American frontier|frontier]] with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American tribes]], a stockade was constructed in the settlement to protect against potential attacks in 1753. In 1755, the stockade was transformed into a fort, known as [[Carlisle Fort]] or Fort Lowther.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3AKG_Carlisle_Fort_Carlisle_PA|title=Carlisle Fort - Carlisle, PA - Pennsylvania Historical Markers on Waymarking.com|website=www.waymarking.com|access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref> In 1757, colonel-commandant [[John Stanwix]], for whom [[Fort Stanwix]] in [[Upstate New York]] was named, established his headquarters in Carlisle, and was promoted to [[brigadier general]] on December 27. During the [[French and Indian War]], the North American theater of the [[Seven Years' War]], the largely successful [[Forbes Expedition]] was organized in Carlisle in 1758; [[Henry Bouquet]] also organized a military expedition from the settlement in 1763 during [[Pontiac's War]].{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

The [[American Guide Series|Pennsylvania guide]], compiled by the Writers' Program of the [[Works Progress Administration|WPA]] in 1940, described the early history of Carlisle's [[public square]] and the physical changes that had occurred by the first half of the 20th century, noting that the square, located at the<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pennsylvania: A Guide to the Keystone State|last=Federal Writers' Project|date=1940|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=1st|page=197|location=New York}}</ref>{{Blockquote
|text=intersection of Hanover and High Sts., is now hardly recognizable as such, for the market house, courthouse, and church have encroached on it. But in the early days its limits were clearly defined. The square was the camping ground of Indian delegations in the tense days when the French were invading the [[Ohio Valley]], the gathering place of Revolutionary mass meetings, and the nucleus of a compact little settlement.}}

The settlement of Carlisle was largely supportive of the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot cause]] during the [[American Revolution]], and numerous individuals from the settlement served in the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. Carlisle contains the home of lawyer [[James Wilson (Founding Father)|James Wilson]], who served as a representative to the [[Continental Congress]]; Wilson was a signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] in addition to being one of the framers of the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3AJF_James_Wilson_Carlisle_PA|title=James Wilson - Carlisle, PA - Pennsylvania Historical Markers on Waymarking.com|website=www.waymarking.com|access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref>
The First Presbyterian Church, begun in 1757 and completed in 1770, is the oldest building in Carlisle, and was where the Rev. John Steel (known as "The Fighting Parson") gave sermons in support of the Patriot cause during the American Revolution. The church was also where Pennsylvania settlers met on July 12, 1774, to sign a document protesting the [[Boston Port Act]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3AKP_First_Presbyterian_Church_Carlisle_PA|title=First Presbyterian Church - Carlisle, PA - Pennsylvania Historical Markers on Waymarking.com|website=www.waymarking.com|access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=History of Cumberland and Adams Counties, Pennsylvania: Containing History of the Counties, Their Townships, Towns, Villages, Schools, Churches, Industries, Etc.; Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent Men; Biographies; History of Pennsylvania, Statistical and Miscellaneous Matter |date=1886 |publisher=Warner, Beers & Company |edition=2 |chapter=History of Cumberland County Pennsylvania }}</ref> A year later Carlisle supplied a contingent for a [[line infantry]] regiment of the [[Continental Army]]. Steel was named commander of the leading company of this group when they marched from Carlisle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstprescarlisle.org/our-history/the-rocky-road-to-the-meeting-house |title=The Rocky Road to the Meeting House &#124; First Presbyterian Church of Carlisle |publisher=Firstprescarlisle.org |access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> No longer standing but marked by a historical marker is the home of [[Ephraim Blaine]], Commissary General of Revolutionary Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM34PQ_Blaine_House_Carlisle_PA|title=Blaine House - Carlisle, PA - Pennsylvania Historical Markers on Waymarking.com|website=www.waymarking.com|access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref> Also, no longer standing but commemorated, is the home of Gen. [[John Armstrong Sr.]], "Hero of [[Kittanning Expedition|Kittanning]]," Revolutionary officer, and member of the Continental Congress. 
Still standing is the gun shop of Thomas Butler Sr., an [[Irish Americans|Irish immigrant]], who manufactured [[long rifle]]s during the French and Indian War.  He later became Chief Armorer for The First Continental Congress. He and his five sons served in the Revolutionary War and were known as "The Fighting Butlers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3EQH_Thomas_Butler_Carlisle_PAs|title=Thomas Butler - Carlisle, PA - Pennsylvania Historical Markers on Waymarking.com|website=www.waymarking.com|access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref> His eldest son was [[Richard Butler (general)]].

Carlisle also served as a munitions depot during the American Revolutionary War. The depot was later developed into the [[United States Army War College]] at Carlisle Barracks. Revolutionary War legend [[Molly Pitcher]] died in the borough in 1832, and her body lies buried in the Old Public Graveyard. A hotel was built in her honor, called the Molly Pitcher Hotel; it has since been renovated to house apartments for senior citizens.

Carlisle was incorporated as a [[borough (Pennsylvania)|borough]] a few years after the war on April 13, 1782. Carlisle continued to play a part in the early development in the United States through the end of the century: In response to a planned march in favor of the [[United States Constitution]] in 1787, [[Anti-Federalists]] instigated a riot in Carlisle. A decade later, during the [[Whiskey Rebellion]] in 1794, the troops of Pennsylvania and [[New Jersey]] assembled in Carlisle under the leadership of President [[George Washington]].<ref>{{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Carlisle (2.) |volume=5 |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1878}} |page=110 }}</ref> While in Carlisle, the president worshiped in the First Presbyterian Church at the corner of Hanover Street and High Street.

[[Benjamin Rush]], a signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], developed Carlisle Grammar School in 1773 and chartered it as Dickinson College—the first new college founded in the newly recognized United States. One of the college's more famous alumni, the 15th U.S. president, [[James Buchanan]], graduated in 1809.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Klein| first=Philip S.| title=President James Buchanan: A Biography| publisher=American Political Biography Press| location=Newtown, CT| ref=Klein| year=1962| edition=1995| isbn=0-945707-11-8| pages=9–12}}</ref> The [[Dickinson School of Law]], founded in 1834 and affiliated then with Dickinson College, ranks as the fifth-oldest law school in the United States and the oldest law school in Pennsylvania.

On June 2, 1847, Carlisle was the site of the McClintock Slave Riot, which that broke out after a [[Fugitive slaves in the United States|fugitive slave]] hearing at the courthouse; several of the fugitive slaves were able to escape during the fray with the help of Carlisle's black residents, while one of the [[slave catchers]] later died of his wounds. A [[Dickinson College]] professor, John McClintock, was tried and acquitted for his role in the riot.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://housedivided.dickinson.edu/sites/slavery/files/2019/12/2019-Slavery-Report-FINAL-2.pdf |title=Dickinson & Slavery: A Report to the Community |date=August 2019 |work=House Divided Project |publisher=[[Dickinson College]] }}</ref>

A general borough law of 1851 (amended in 1852) authorized a burgess and a borough council to administer the government of the borough of Carlisle.

{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage=[[File:Carlisle, Pennsylvania (5656229890).jpg|210px]] | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmJI4FzevUw Cumberland County Courthouse Tour], Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, 29:27 }}
Leading up to the [[American Civil War]], Carlisle served as a stop on the [[Underground Railroad]]. During the war, an army of the [[Confederate States of America]], under General [[Fitzhugh Lee]], attacked and shelled the borough during the [[Battle of Carlisle]] on July 1, 1863, as part of the [[Gettysburg Campaign]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} A cannonball dent can still be seen on one of the columns of the historic county courthouse.

United States Army Lieutenant [[Richard Henry Pratt]] founded [[Carlisle Indian Industrial School]] in 1879 as the first federally supported school for [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]] off a reservation. The United States government maintained the school, housed at Carlisle Barracks as an experiment in educating Native Americans and teaching them to reject tribal culture and to adapt to white society. Pratt retired from the Army in 1903 and from supervising the school as its superintendent in 1904. Athletic hero [[Jim Thorpe]] entered the school in 1907 and joined its football team under coach [[Glenn Warner|Glenn "Pop" Warner]] in 1908. Playing halfback, Jim Thorpe led the team to startling upset victories over powerhouses [[Harvard Crimson football|Harvard]], [[Army West Point Black Knights football|Army]], and the [[Penn Quakers football|University of Pennsylvania]] in 1911–12, bringing nationwide attention to the school. Marianne Moore taught there from 1911 to 1914. Carlisle Indian School closed in 1918.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carlisle Indian School Project|url=https://carlisleindianschoolproject.com/|url-status=live|access-date=November 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208203508/http://carlisleindianschoolproject.com/ |archive-date=February 8, 2016 }}</ref>

[[Dickinson School of Law]] was chartered as an independent institution in 1890. Dickinson School of Law merged into the [[Pennsylvania State University]] in 1997 as [[Penn State Dickinson School of Law]].

Carlisle was the original eastern terminus of the [[Pennsylvania Turnpike]] when it opened in October 1940.<ref>{{cite web|title=75 Years of Turnpike History|url=https://www.paturnpike.com/yourTurnpike/ptc_history.aspx|publisher=Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission|access-date=August 3, 2015}}</ref>

The [[Carlisle Historic District (Carlisle, Pennsylvania)|Carlisle Historic District]], [[Carlisle Indian Industrial School]], [[Hessian Powder Magazine]], [[Carlisle Armory (Carlisle, Pennsylvania)|Carlisle Armory]], and [[Old West, Dickinson College]] are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>