Editing Carlisle (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Cumbria}}

=== Ancient Carlisle ===
{{Main|Luguvalium}}

The ancient history of Carlisle is derived mainly from archaeological evidence and the works of the [[Roman historiography|Roman historian]] [[Tacitus]]. The earliest recorded inhabitants in the area were the [[Carvetii]] [[list of Celtic tribes|tribe]] of [[Britons (historical)|Britons]] who made up the main population of ancient [[Cumbria]] and [[Lancashire|North Lancashire]].<ref name="carvetii">{{Citation |title=Celtic Tribes of Britain; The Carvetii |url=http://www.roman-britain.org/tribes/carvetii.htm |df=dmy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425010043/http://www.roman-britain.org/tribes/carvetii.htm |publisher=Roman Britain Organisation |access-date=3 May 2011 |archive-date=25 April 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to [[Hector Boece|Boethius]] and [[John of Fordun]], writing in the 18th and 19th centuries, Carlisle existed before the [[Roman conquest of Britain|arrival of the Romans in Britain]] and was one of the strongest [[Britons (Celtic people)|British]] towns at the time. In the time of the [[list of Roman emperors|emperor]] [[Nero]], it was said to have burned down.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Samuel Sampson |title=The Agreeable Historian, or the Complete English Traveller |year=1746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fordun |first1=John of |last2=Skene |first2=Felix James Henry |last3=Skene |first3=W. F. (William Forbes) |date=19 May 1872 |title=John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish nation |url=http://archive.org/details/johnoffordunschr00fordrich |publisher=Edinburgh, Edmonston and Douglas |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The Roman settlement was named '''Luguvalium''', based on a native name that has been reconstructed as [[Common Brittonic|Brittonic]] *'''Luguwaljon''', "[city] of Luguwalos", a masculine Celtic given name meaning "strength of [[Lugus]]".<ref name="Jackson1953">{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Kenneth |title=Language and History in Early Britain |date=1953 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |page=39 |url=https://archive.org/details/languagehistoryi0000jack/page/38/mode/2up |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref>

Excavations undertaken along Annetwell Street in the 1970s dated the Roman timber fort constructed at the site of present [[Carlisle Castle]] to the winter of AD&nbsp;73.<ref>{{Citation |title=Settling in Cumbria |url=http://romans.tulliehouse.co.uk/roman_settling.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826085330/http://romans.tulliehouse.co.uk/roman_settling.aspx |publisher=[[Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery|Tullie House Museum]] |access-date=3 May 2011 |archive-date=26 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It protected a strategic location on the Roman road to the north and overlooking the confluence of the Caldew and Eden rivers.<ref name="irom">{{Cite web |title=Tullie House |url=http://www.iromans.co.uk/tullie-house |access-date=3 May 2011 |publisher=iRomans, a [[Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery|Tullie House]] website |archive-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306162752/http://www.iromans.co.uk/tullie-house |url-status=live }}</ref>
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The fort at Carlisle was reconstructed in 83 using [[oak]] timbers from further afield, rather than local [[alder]] as a possible result of the increased Roman control of the area.<ref name="tullietimeline">{{Cite web |title=Timeline of Roman Carlisle |url=http://romans.tulliehouse.co.uk/flash/timeline/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826085256/http://romans.tulliehouse.co.uk/flash/timeline/index.htm |archive-date=26 August 2011 |access-date=3 May 2011 |publisher=[[Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery|Tullie House Museum]]}}</ref> At this time the Roman fort was garrisoned by a 500-strong cavalry regiment, the ''{{lang|la|Ala Gallorum Sebosiana}}''.<ref name=irom/>

By the early 2nd century, Carlisle was established as a prominent stronghold. The 'Stanegate' frontier, which consisted of Luguvalium and several other forts in a line east to [[Corbridge]], was proving a more stable frontier against the [[Picts]] than those established deeper into [[Caledonia]]. In 122, the province was visited by [[Hadrian]], who approved a plan to build a wall the length of the frontier. A new fort, [[Petriana]], was therefore built in the [[Stanwix]] area of the city north of the river on [[Hadrian's Wall]]. It was the largest fort along the wall{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} and was completed in stone by around 130. Like Luguvalium, which lay within sight, Petriana housed a nominal 1,000-strong cavalry regiment, the ''[[Ala Gallorum Petriana]]'', the sole regiment of this size along the wall. Hadrian's successor [[Antoninus Pius]] abandoned the frontier and attempted to move further north; he built the [[Antonine Wall]] between the [[firth]]s of [[Firth of Forth|Forth]] and [[Firth of Clyde|Clyde]]. It was not a success and, after 20 years, the garrisons returned to Hadrian's Wall.<ref name=tullietimeline/>

At one time, Carlisle broke off from Rome when [[Carausius|Marcus Carausius]] assumed power over the territory. He was assassinated and suffered ''[[damnatio memoriae]]'', but a surviving reference to him has been uncovered in Carlisle. Coins excavated in the area suggest that Romans remained in Carlisle until the reign of [[Valentinian II|Emperor Valentinian II]], from 375 to 392.

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Carlisle Castle 03.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Carlisle Castle]] was built in the reign of [[William II of England|William II]].]]
{{main|Rheged|Cumberland|Curse of Carlisle}}
The period of [[Sub-Roman Britain|late antiquity]] [[Roman withdrawal from Britain|after Roman rule]] saw [[Cumbria]] organised as the native [[Britons (historical)|British]] [[kingdom of Rheged]]. It is likely that the kingdom took its name from a major stronghold within it; this has been suggested to have been broadly coterminous with the ''{{lang|la|Civitas Carvetiorum}}'', Carlisle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Higham, Nick |title=The Northern Counties to AD 1000 |publisher=Longman Higher Education |year=1986}}</ref> King [[Urien]] and his son and successor [[Owain mab Urien|Owain]] became the subjects of a great deal of [[Arthurian legend]]. Their capital has been identified as the {{nowrap|'''{{lang|owl|[[caer|Cair]] Ligualid}}'''}} listed by [[Historia Brittonum|Nennius]] among the 28 cities of Britain,<ref name="nashford">Ford, David Nash. "[http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/nenniuscities.html The 28 Cities of Britain] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415120312/http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/nenniuscities.html |date=15 April 2016 }}" at Britannia. 2000.</ref> which later developed into {{nowrap|'''[[Caer]]-luel'''}},<ref>{{Cite book |last=John T. Koch |title=Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia |date=16 December 2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |author-link=John T. Koch}}</ref> whence the city's modern Welsh name '''Caerliwelydd'''. [[Rheged]] came under Northumbrian control before 730, probably by inheritance after Rienmelth, daughter of Royth and great-granddaughter of Urien, married [[Oswy]], [[King of Northumbria]]. For the rest of the first millennium, Carlisle was an important stronghold contested by several entities who warred over the area, including the [[Celtic Britons|Brythonic]] [[Kingdom of Strathclyde]] and the [[Angles (tribe)|Anglian]] [[kingdom of Northumbria]]. In 685, St [[Cuthbert]], visiting the Queen of Northumbria in her sister's monastery at Carlisle, was taken to see the city walls and a marvellously constructed Roman fountain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bede |title=The Life and Miracles of St. Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne |url=http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/bede-cuthbert.asp |access-date=27 November 2015 |website=Internet History Sourcebook |publisher=Fordham University: The Jesuit University of New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625103657/https://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/bede-cuthbert.asp |archive-date=25 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

By the time of the [[Norman Conquest]] of England in 1066, Carlisle was in the possession of the Scots. It was not recorded in the 1086 [[Domesday Book]]. This changed in 1092, when [[William the Conqueror]]'s son [[William II of England|William Rufus]] invaded the region and incorporated Carlisle into England. The construction of [[Carlisle Castle]] began in 1093 on the site of the Roman fort, south of the [[River Eden, Cumbria|River Eden]]. The castle was rebuilt in stone in 1112, with a [[keep]] and the [[Carlisle city walls|city walls]]. The walls enclosed the city south of the castle and included three gates to the east, south, and north called the Irish or Caldew Gate, the English or Botcher Gate, and the Scotch or Ricker Gate respectively. The names of the gates exist in road names in Carlisle today. [[Carlisle Cathedral]] was founded as an [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] priory and became a cathedral in 1133.<ref name="TTB">Tim Tatton-Brown and John Crook, ''The English Cathedral'', New Holland (2002), {{ISBN|1-84330-120-2}}</ref> In 1157, Carlisle became the seat of the new county of [[Carliol]] (a name that was originally an abbreviation of Latin ''Carlioliensis'', meaning "[Bishop] of Carlisle"); in 1177 the county was renamed [[Cumberland]].

The conquest of Cumberland was the beginning of a war between Scotland and England which saw the region centred around Carlisle change hands a number of times. It was a major stronghold after the construction of the castle. During the wars, the livelihood of the people on the borders was devastated by armies from both sides. Even when the countries were not at war, tension remained high, and royal authority in one or the other kingdom was often weak. The uncertainty of existence meant that communities or peoples kindred to each other sought security through their own strength and cunning, and they improved their livelihoods at their enemies' expense. These peoples were known as the [[Border Reivers]] and Carlisle was the major city within their territories.

The [[Border reivers|Reivers]] became so much of a nuisance to the Scottish and English governments that, in 1525, the [[Archbishop of Glasgow]] Gavin Dunbar cursed all the reivers of the borderlands. The curse was detailed in 1,069 words, beginning: "I curse their head and all the hairs of their head; I curse their face, their brain (innermost thoughts), their mouth, their nose, their tongue, their teeth, their forehead, their shoulders, their breast, their heart, their stomach, their back, their womb, their arms, their leggs, their hands, their feet and every part of their body, from the top of their head to the soles of their feet, before and behind, within and without."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Border Reivers - The Curse |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cumbria/features/2003/07/restoration/the_curse.shtml |access-date=4 May 2011 |publisher=BBC Cumbria |archive-date=14 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114204513/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cumbria/features/2003/07/restoration/the_curse.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Early Modern era===
[[File:Jacobite broadside - Carlisle.jpg|thumb|300px|Historic view of Carlisle]]
After the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]], [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], concerned at the weakness of his hold on the North, employed (1539) the engineer [[Stefan von Haschenperg]] to modernise the defences of Carlisle. von Haschenperg was sacked in 1543 for having "spent great treasures to no purpose"; but (by him and his successors) at the north end the castle towers were converted to artillery platforms, at the south the medieval Bochard gate was converted into the [[Carlisle Citadel|Citadel]], an artillery fortification with two massive artillery towers.<ref name="Pevsner2">{{Cite book |last1=Hyde |first1=Matthew |title=The Buildings of England: Cumbria; Cumberland, Westmorland and Furness |last2=Pevsner |first2=Nikolaus |date=2010 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-12663-1 |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|243}} The death of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] in 1603 and her succession by [[James I of England|James VI of Scotland]] as King James I of England allowed more determined and coordinated efforts to suppress reiving. The borderers were not quick to change their ways and many were hanged and whole families were exiled to Ireland. It was not until 1681 that the problem of the reivers was acknowledged as no longer an issue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sadler |first=John |title=Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296 - 1568 |publisher=Longman |year=2004}}</ref>

Following the personal union of the crowns Carlisle Castle should have become obsolete as a frontier fortress, but the two kingdoms continued as separate states. In 1639, with war between the two kingdoms looming, the castle was refortified using stone from the cathedral cloisters.<ref name=Pevsner2 /> In 1642 the [[English Civil War]] broke out and the castle was garrisoned for the king. It endured a [[Siege of Carlisle (1645)|long siege]] from October 1644 until June 1645 when the Royalist forces surrendered after the [[Battle of Naseby]]. The city was occupied by a parliamentary garrison, and subsequently by their Scots allies. In 1646, the Scots, now holding Carlisle pending payment of monies owed them by the English Parliament, improved its fortifications, destroying the [[Carlisle Cathedral|cathedral's]] nave to obtain the stone to rebuild the castle.<ref name="caherit">{{cite journal |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/cumberland/contents.cfm?vol_id=639 |journal=Transactions |title=Carlisle during the siege of 1644–5 |first=W |last=Nanson |publisher=[[Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society]] |volume=7 |year=1884 |access-date=20 November 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120101608/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/cumberland/contents.cfm?vol_id=639 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web |title=Carlisle Castle during the civil war |url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/carlisle-castle/history-and-research/history/civil-war/#footnote2 |access-date=4 May 2011 |publisher=English Heritage |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305092233/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/carlisle-castle/history-and-research/history/civil-war/ |archivedate=5 March 2011}}</ref> Carlisle continued to remain a barracks thereafter. In 1698 travel writer [[Celia Fiennes]] wrote of Carlisle as having most of the trappings of a military town and that it was rife with alcohol and prostitutes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fiennes |first=Celia |title=Through England on a Side Saddle |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=2009}}</ref>

In 1707 an [[Acts of Union 1707|act of union]] was passed between England and Scotland, creating [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], but Carlisle remained a garrison town. The tenth, and most recent siege in the city's history took place after [[Charles Edward Stuart]] took Carlisle in the [[Jacobite Rising of 1745]]. When the Jacobites retreated across the border to Scotland they left a garrison of 400 men in Carlisle Castle. Ten days later [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland]] took the castle and executed 31 Jacobites on the streets of Carlisle.<ref name="caherit" />

===Industrial Revolution===
[[File:Proof banknote designed by William Home Lizars for Carlisle City and District Banking Company, 1800s, Garratt Collection. On Display at the British Museum in London.jpg|thumb|A banknote designed by [[William Home Lizars]] for Carlisle City and District Banking Company highlights the town's industrial features.]]
Although Carlisle continued to garrison soldiers, becoming the headquarters of the [[Border Regiment]], the city's importance as a military town decreased as the [[Industrial Revolution|industrial age]] took over. The post of [[Governor of Carlisle]] as garrison commander was abolished in 1838.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnBbAAAAQAAJ |title=Accounts and Papers: Seventeen Volumes |publisher=UK Government |year=1838 |page=58}}</ref>

In the early 19th century textile mills, engineering works and food manufacturers built factories in the city mostly in the [[Denton Holme]], Caldewgate and Wapping suburbs in the Caldew Valley.<ref>Allen J. Scott, "Solway Country" (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015</ref> These included [[Carr's|Carr's of Carlisle]], [[Kangol]], Metal Box and Cowans Sheldon. [[Dixon's Chimney and Shaddon Mill|Shaddon Mill]], in Denton Holme, became famous for having the world's 8th tallest chimney and was the largest cotton mill in England.

The expanding industries brought about an increase in population as jobs shifted from rural farms towards the cities. This produced a housing shortage where at one point 25,000 people in the city only had 5,000 houses to live in. People were said to be herded together with animal houses, slaughter houses and communal lavatories with open drains running between them. Living conditions were so bad that riots were common and some people emigrated. The problem wasn't solved until the end of the 19th century when mass housing was built west of the city walls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlisle - History |url=http://www.edgeguide.co.uk/cumbria/carlislehistory.html |access-date=3 May 2011 |publisher=EDGE Guide |archive-date=25 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625090032/http://www.edgeguide.co.uk/cumbria/carlislehistory.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1823 a canal was built to Fisher's Cross ([[Port Carlisle]]) to transport goods produced in the city. This enabled other industrial centres such as [[Liverpool]] to link with Carlisle via the [[Solway Firth|Solway]]. This was short-lived and when the canal operators ran into financial difficulty the waterway was filled in.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Carlisle |url=http://www.visitcumbria.com/car/port-carlisle.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514054516/http://www.visitcumbria.com/car/port-carlisle.htm |archive-date=14 May 2011 |access-date=3 May 2011 |publisher=Visit Cumbria |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Carlisle and Silloth Bay Railway|A railway]] was built in place of the canal.

Carlisle became a major [[railway]] centre on the [[West Coast Main Line]] with connections to the east. At one time seven companies used [[Carlisle railway station|Carlisle Citadel railway station]]. Before the building of the Citadel railway station the city had several other railway stations, including [[Carlisle London Road railway station|London Road railway station]]. Carlisle had the largest railway marshalling yard in Europe, Kingmoor, which, reduced in size, is operational and used by railfreight companies.

The [[Strand Road drill hall, Carlisle|Strand Road drill hall]] opened in 1874.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlisle |url=http://www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Cumbria/TownCarlisle.htm |access-date=1 September 2017 |publisher=The Drill Hall Project |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902044236/http://www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Cumbria/TownCarlisle.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Modern history===
[[File:Carlisle city centre - geograph.org.uk - 1731484.jpg|thumb|1950s Botchergate in Carlisle]]
At the start of the 20th century, the population had grown to over 45,000. Transport was improved by the [[City of Carlisle Electric Tramways]] from 1900 until 1931, and the first cinema was built in 1906. In 1912, the boundaries of Carlisle were extended to include Botcherby in the east and Stanwix in the north.<ref name="localhistories">{{Cite web |title=A History of Carlisle |url=http://www.localhistories.org/carlisle.html |access-date=4 May 2010 |publisher=Local histories |archive-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615063026/http://localhistories.org/carlisle.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Carlisle was subject to the decline in the [[textile industry]] experienced throughout Britain as new machinery made labour unnecessary. In 1916, during the [[First World War]], the [[British government|government]] took over the [[public house]]s and [[brewery|breweries]] in Carlisle because of drunkenness among construction and munitions workers from the munitions factory at [[HM Factory, Gretna|Gretna]]. This experiment [[nationalisation|nationalised]] brewing. As the Carlisle Board of Control, and subsequently the Carlisle & District [[State Management Scheme]], it lasted until 1971.

During the Second World War, Carlisle hosted over 5,000 evacuees, many of whom arrived from Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding towns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evacuees |url=http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/hstchg/evacuees.htm |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=Holme St Cuthbert Local History Group |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722230918/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/hstchg/evacuees.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A shopping centre (including a new central library) was built to the east and north-east of the market cross and opened in 1986.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott Parker |first=Mary Scott |title=Memories of the Lanes |date=November 2006 |publisher=Bookcase}}</ref> The area east of the market cross had formerly been occupied by narrow alleyways of housing and small shops (on a layout which had not changed much since medieval times) and referred to locally as ''The Lanes''. Carlisle city centre was pedestrianised in 1989.<ref name="localhistories" />

On the evening of Friday, 7 January 2005, the rivers Eden, Caldew and Petteril burst their banks due to as much as 180&nbsp;mm rainfall upstream that day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlisle Floods January 2005 |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/jan2005floods/ |access-date=25 April 2011 |publisher=Met office |archive-date=5 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405004919/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/jan2005floods/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2,700 homes were flooded and three people died. The city's police and fire stations were flooded along with [[Brunton Park]] football stadium. The police, fire service and [[Carlisle United F.C.]] were mobilised, the latter as far as [[Morecambe]]. At the time of the flood, emergency services also had to respond to cases of car-related [[arson]] in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernard Dolan |date=14 January 2005 |title=Message from, Bernard Dolan, to staff |url=http://www.cumbriafire.gov.uk/about/incidents/floods/story.asp |access-date=4 May 2010 |publisher=Cumbria Fire & Rescue Service |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725150129/http://www.cumbriafire.gov.uk/about/incidents/floods/story.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>