Editing Carl Jung (section)

==Biography==
===Early life===
====Childhood====
[[File:Dozwilerstrasse 3 in Kesswil TG (2025).jpg|thumb|left|Birthplace in Kesswil TG]]
Carl Gustav Jung{{refn|group=lower-alpha|As a university student Jung changed the modernized spelling of Karl to the original family form of Carl. {{cite book|last=Bair|first=Deirdre|author-link=Deirdre Bair|title=Jung: A Biography|year=2003|publisher=Back Bay Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-316-15938-8|pages=7, 53}}}} was born 26 July 1875 in [[Kesswil]], in the [[Cantons of Switzerland|Swiss canton]] of [[Thurgau]], as the first surviving son of Paul Achilles Jung (1842–1896) and Emilie Preiswerk (1848–1923).<ref name='birth_whoami'>{{cite journal|last=Schellinski|first=Kristina|date=2014|title=Who am I?|journal=Journal of Analytical Psychology|volume=59|issue=2|pages=189–210|doi=10.1111/1468-5922.12069|pmid=24673274 |issn = 0021-8774}}</ref> His birth was preceded by two stillbirths and that of a son named Paul, born in 1873, who survived only a few days.<ref name="Wehr">{{cite book|last=Wehr|first=Gerhard|title=Jung: a Biography|year=1987|publisher=Shambhala|location=Moshupa, Dorset|isbn=978-0-87773-455-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/9 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Brome|first=Vincent|title=Jung|date=1978|publisher=Atheneum|location=New York|page=28}}</ref>

Paul Jung, Carl's father, was the youngest son of a noted German-Swiss professor of medicine at [[Basel]], [[Karl Gustav Jung]] (1794–1864).<ref>Bair, pp. 8–13.</ref> Paul's hopes of achieving a fortune never materialised, and he did not progress beyond the status of an impoverished rural pastor in the [[Swiss Reformed Church]]. Emilie Preiswerk, Carl's mother, had also grown up in a large family whose Swiss roots went back five centuries. Emilie was the youngest child of a distinguished Basel churchman and academic, [[Samuel Preiswerk]] (1799–1871), and his second wife. Samuel Preiswerk was an ''[[Antistes]]'', the title given to the head of the Reformed clergy in the city, as well as a [[Hebraist]], author, and editor, who taught Paul Jung as his professor of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] at [[Basel University]].<ref name="Wehr"/>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/17 17–19]|url=https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/17}}
[[File:Pfarrhaus Kleinhüningen.jpg|thumb|left|The clergy house in Kleinhüningen, Basel, where Jung grew up.]]
Jung's father was appointed to a more prosperous parish in [[Laufen-Uhwiesen|Laufen]] when Jung was six months old.  Tensions between father and mother had developed. Jung's mother was an eccentric and depressed woman; she spent considerable time in her bedroom, where she said spirits visited her at night.<ref name="Memories, Dreams, Reflections">{{Cite book|title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections|page=18}}</ref> Though she was normal during the day, Jung recalled that at night his mother became strange and mysterious. He said that one night, he saw a faintly luminous and indefinite figure coming from her room, with a head detached from the neck and floating in the air in front of the body. Jung had a better relationship with his father.<ref name="Memories, Dreams, Reflections"/>

Jung's mother left Laufen for several months of hospitalization near Basel for an unknown physical ailment. His father took Carl to be cared for by Emilie Jung's unmarried sister in Basel, but he was later brought back to his father's residence. Emilie Jung's continuing bouts of absence and depression deeply troubled her son and caused him to associate women with "innate unreliability", whereas "father" meant for him reliability, but also powerlessness.<ref>{{cite book|title=Carl Jung: Wounded Healer of the Soul: An Illustrated Biography|page=5|last=Dunne|first=Claire|publisher=Continuum|year=2002}}</ref> In his memoir, Jung would remark that this parental influence was the "handicap I started off with". Later, these early impressions were revised: "I have trusted men friends and been disappointed by them, and I have mistrusted women and was not disappointed."<ref>''Memories, Dreams, Reflections'', p. 8.</ref> After three years living in Laufen, Paul Jung requested a transfer. In 1879, he was called to Kleinhüningen, next to Basel, where his family lived in a church parsonage.{{sfn|Hoerni|Fischer|Kaufmann|2019|p=233}} The relocation brought Emilie Jung closer to contact with her family and lifted her melancholy.<ref>Bair, p. 25.</ref> When he was 9, Jung's sister Johanna Gertrud (1884–1935) was born. Known in the family as "Trudi", she became a secretary to her brother.<ref name="Wehr"/>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/349 349]|url=https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/349}}

====Memories of childhood====
Jung was a solitary and introverted child. From childhood, he believed that, like his mother,<ref>{{cite web |last=Stepp |first=G |title=Carl Jung: Forever Jung |url=http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/biography-carl-jung/50365.aspx |work=Vision Journal |access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> he had two personalities—a modern Swiss citizen and a personality more suited to the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections |pages=33–34}}</ref> "Personality Number 1", as he termed it, was a typical schoolboy living in the era of the time. "Personality Number 2" was a dignified, authoritative, and influential man from the past. Though Jung was close to both parents, he was disappointed by his father's academic approach to faith.<ref>Wehr records that Paul's chosen career path was to achieve a doctorate in philology. He was an Arabist, but the family money ran out for his studies. Relief came from a family legacy; however, a condition of the will was that it should only be offered to a family member who intended to study theology and become a pastor. Paul Jung, therefore, had his career determined by a will, not his will. See p.20.</ref>
[[File:Jung piccolo.jpg|thumb|upright|Jung as a child, early 1880s]]
Some childhood memories made lifelong impressions on him. As a boy, he carved a tiny [[mannequin]] into the end of the wooden ruler from his pencil case and placed it inside it. He added a stone, which he had painted into upper and lower halves, and hid the case in the attic. Periodically, he would return to the mannequin, often bringing tiny sheets of paper with messages inscribed on them in his own secret language.<ref name="art-therapy">{{cite book |last=Malchiodi |first=Cathy A. |title=The Art Therapy Sourcebook |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vno0XgRuRhcC&pg=PA134 |isbn=978-0-07-146827-5 |year=2006 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional}}</ref> He later reflected that this ceremonial act brought him a feeling of inner peace and security. Years later, he discovered similarities between his personal experience and the practices associated with [[totem]]s in [[Indigenous cultures]], such as the collection of soul-stones near [[Arlesheim]] or the ''[[tjurunga]]s'' of Australia. He concluded that his intuitive ceremonial act was an unconscious ritual, which he had practiced in a way that was strikingly similar to those in distant locations which he, as a young boy, knew nothing about.<ref>{{cite book |title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections |pages=22–23}}</ref> His observations about symbols, [[Jungian archetypes|archetypes]], and the [[collective unconscious]] were inspired, in part, by these early experiences combined with his later research.<ref>Wehr, G. p. 144</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Jung |title=Carl Jung {{!}} Biography, Theory, & Facts |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref>

At the age of 12, shortly before the end of his first year at the ''Humanistisches [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]]'' in Basel, Jung was pushed to the ground by another boy so hard he momentarily lost consciousness. (Jung later recognized the incident was indirectly his fault.) A thought then came to him—"Now you won't have to go to school anymore".<ref>{{cite book |title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections |page=30}}</ref> From then on, whenever he walked to school or began homework, he fainted. He remained home for six months until he overheard his father speaking hurriedly to a visitor about the boy's future ability to support himself. They suspected he had [[epilepsy]]. Confronted with his family's poverty, he realized the need for academic excellence. He entered his father's study and began poring over [[Latin grammar]]. He fainted three more times but eventually overcame the urge and did not faint again. This event, Jung later recalled, "was when I learned what a [[neurosis]] is".<ref>{{cite book |title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections |page=32}}</ref>

====University studies and early career====
[[File:11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[University of Basel]], where Jung studied between 1895 and 1900]]
Initially, Jung had aspirations of becoming a Christian minister. His household had a strong moral sense, and several of his family were clergy. Jung had wanted to study archaeology, but his family could not afford to send him further than the University of Basel, which did not teach it. After studying philosophy in his teens, Jung decided against the path of religious traditionalism and decided to pursue psychiatry and medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Jung|title=Carl Jung {{!}} Biography, Theory, & Facts|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> His interest was captured—it combined the biological and spiritual, exactly what he was searching for.<ref name="jungbio1">{{Cite web|url=http://soultherapynow.com/articles/carl-jung.html|title=Carl Jung Biography|website=soultherapynow.com|access-date=7 March 2009|archive-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120004057/http://soultherapynow.com/articles/carl-jung.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1895 Jung began to study medicine at the University of Basel. Barely a year later, his father, Paul, died and left the family nearly destitute. They were helped by relatives who also contributed to Jung's studies.<ref>Wehr, G. p. 57.</ref> During his student days, he entertained his contemporaries with the family legend that his paternal grandfather was the illegitimate son of [[Goethe]] and his German great-grandmother, [[Sophie Ziegler]]. In later life, he pulled back from this tale, saying only that Sophie was a friend of Goethe's niece.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wehr|first=Gerhard|title=Jung: A Biography|year=1987|publisher=Shambhala|location=Boston/Shaftesbury, Dorset|isbn=978-0-87773-455-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/14 14]|url=https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/14}}</ref>

It was during this early period when Jung was an assistant at the Anatomical Institute at Basel University, that he took an interest in palaeoanthropology and the revolutionary discoveries of ''Homo erectus'' and Neanderthal fossils. These formative experiences contributed to his fascination with the evolutionary past of humanity and his belief that an ancient evolutionary layer in the psyche, represented by early fossil hominins, is still evident in the psychology of modern humans.<ref>[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781032624549-3/fossils-anthropology-hominin-brain-phylogeny-gary-clark?context=ubx&refId=d9df2e63-7963-4b7f-a154-5382d0b1e05f Clark. G. 2024. "Fossils, Anthropology and Hominin Brain Phylogeny". Chapter 2, pp. 38-40. In ''Carl Jung and the Evolutionary Sciences: A New Vision for Analytical Psychology'', Routledge], Routledge,</ref>

In 1900, Jung moved to Zurich and began working at the [[Burghölzli]] psychiatric hospital under [[Eugen Bleuler]].{{sfn|Hoerni|Fischer|Kaufmann|2019|pp=234, 259}} Bleuler was already in communication with the Austrian neurologist [[Sigmund Freud]]. Jung's [[dissertation]], published in 1903, was titled ''On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena''. It was based on the analysis of the supposed [[mediumship]] of Jung's cousin Hélène Preiswerk, under the influence of Freud's contemporary [[Théodore Flournoy]].<ref>Stevens, Anthony (1994): ''Jung: A very short introduction'', Oxford University Press, Oxford & N.Y. {{ISBN|978-0-19-285458-2}}</ref> Jung studied with [[Pierre Janet]] in Paris in 1902<ref>Gay, p. 198</ref> and later equated his view of the [[Complex (psychology)|complex]] with Janet's {{Lang|fr|idée fixe subconsciente}}.<ref>Ellenberger, p. 149.</ref> In 1905, Jung was appointed as a permanent 'senior' doctor at the hospital and became a lecturer ''[[Privatdozent]]'' in the medical faculty of Zurich University.<ref>Wehr, pp. 79–85.</ref> In 1904, he published with [[Franz Riklin]] their ''Diagnostic Association Studies'', of which Freud obtained a copy.<ref>Jung, Carl Gustav and Riklin, Franz Beda: Diagnoistische Assoziationsstudien. I. Beitrag. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über Assoziationen Gesunder (pp.55–83). 1904, Journ. Psych. Neurol., 3/1-2. – Hrsg. v. August Forel & Oskar Vogt. Red. v. Karl Brodmann. – Leipzig, Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1904, gr.-8°, pp.55–96. (in German)</ref><ref name=diagnostic>{{cite book|editor=McGuire, William|title=The Freud/Jung Letters|year=1979|publisher=Picador|pages=12–13|isbn=978-0-330-25891-3}}</ref> In 1909, Jung left the psychiatric hospital and began a private practice in his home in [[Küsnacht]].{{sfn|Hoerni|Fischer|Kaufmann|2019|p=259}}

Eventually, a close friendship and strong professional association developed between the elder [[#Relationship with Freud|Freud and Jung]], which left a sizeable [[Freud-Jung Letters|correspondence]]. In late summer 1909, the two sailed for the U.S., where Freud was the featured lecturer at the twentieth-anniversary celebration of the founding of [[Clark University]] in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], the Vicennial Conference on Psychology and Pedagogy, September 7–11. Jung spoke as well and received an honorary degree.<ref>Rosenzweig, Saul. The Historic Expedition to America (1909): Freud, Jung and Hall the King-Maker. N.p., DIANE Publishing Company, 2000.</ref>

It was during this trip that Jung first began separating psychologically from Freud, his mentor, which occurred after intense communications around their individual dreams. It was during this visit that Jung was introduced to the elder philosopher and psychologist [[William James]], known as the "Father of American psychology," whose ideas Jung would incorporate into his own work.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koelsch |first=William |date=1984-01-01 |title=Incredible day-dream: Freud and Jung at Clark, 1909 |url=https://commons.clarku.edu/clarkuhistory/2 |journal=Clark University History}}</ref> Jung connected with James around their mutual interests in [[mysticism]], [[Spiritualism (movement)|spiritualism]] and [[Psychical investigator|psychical]] [[Phenomenon|phenomena]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herrmann |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bZpzgEACAAJ |title=William James and C.G. Jung: Doorways to the Self |date=August 2021 |publisher=Analytical Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-7361945-9-1 |publication-date=2021 |language=en}}</ref> James wrote to a friend after the conference stating Jung "left a favorable impression," while "his views of Freud were mixed."<ref>Harris, MD, James C. Clark University Vicennial Conference on Psychology and Pedagogy. ''Arch Gen Psychiatry.'' 2010;67(3):218-219.</ref> James died about eleven months later.

The ideas of both Jung and James, on topics including hopelessness, self-surrender, and spiritual experiences, were influential in the development and founding of the international altruistic, self-help movement [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] on June 10, 1935, in [[Akron, Ohio]], a quarter of a century after James' death and in Jung's sixtieth year.

For six years, Jung and Freud cooperated in their work. In 1912, however, Jung published ''[[Psychology of the Unconscious]]'', which manifested the developing theoretical divergence between the two. Consequently, their personal and professional relationship fractured—each stating the other could not admit he could be wrong. After the culminating break in 1913, Jung went through a difficult and pivotal psychological transformation, exacerbated by the outbreak of the First World War. [[Henri Ellenberger]] called Jung's intense experience a "creative illness" and compared it favorably to Freud's own period of what he called [[neurasthenia]] and [[hysteria]].<ref name="hayman2001">{{cite book|last=Hayman|first=Ronald|title=A Life of Jung|year=2001|edition=1st American|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|location=New York|author-link=Ronald Hayman|isbn=978-0-393-01967-4|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofjung00haym}}</ref>{{rp|173}}

===Marriage===
[[File:Emma Jung 1911 sitting.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Emma Jung]] in 1911. She assisted her husband in his early research before becoming a psychoanalyst and author.]]
In 1903, Jung married [[Emma Jung|Emma Rauschenbach]] (1882–1955), seven years his junior and the elder daughter of a wealthy industrialist in eastern Switzerland, Johannes Rauschenbach-Schenck.{{sfn|Hoerni|Fischer|Kaufmann|2019|p=234}} Rauschenbach was the owner, among other concerns, of [[IWC Schaffhausen]]—the International Watch Company, manufacturer of luxury time-pieces. Upon his death in 1905, his two daughters and their husbands became owners of the business. Jung's brother-in-law—[[Ernst Homberger]]—became the principal proprietor, but the Jungs remained shareholders in a thriving business that ensured the family's financial security for decades.<ref>
{{cite web | title = C. G. JUNG: Experiences |work= IWC Schaffhausen | url = http://www.iwc.com/en/experiences/c-g-jung/
| access-date = 7 September 2015 }}</ref> Emma Jung, whose education had been limited, showed considerable ability and interest in her husband's research and threw herself into studies and acted as his assistant at Burghölzli. She eventually became a noted psychoanalyst in her own right. The marriage lasted until Emma died in 1955.<ref>Wehr, G. p. 423</ref> They had five children:

* Agathe Niehus, born on December 28, 1904
* Gret Baumann, born on February 8, 1906
* Franz Jung-Merker, born on November 28, 1908
* Marianne Niehus, born on September 20, 1910
* Helene Hoerni, born on March 18, 1914
None of the children continued their father's career. The daughters, Agathe and Marianne, assisted in publishing work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=dream-dictionary.com |date=2024-02-21 |title=Carl Gustaw Jung - wife and children |url=https://www.dream-dictionary.com/carl-gustaw-jung-wife-and-children/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Dream Dictionary |language=en-US}}</ref>

During his marriage, Jung engaged in at least one extramarital relationship: his affair with his patient and, later, fellow psychoanalyst [[Sabina Spielrein]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hayman|first=Ronald|title=A Life of Jung|year=2001|edition=1st American|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|location=New York|author-link=Ronald Hayman|isbn=978-0-393-01967-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofjung00haym/page/84 84–5, 92, 98–9, 102–7, 121, 123, 111, 134–7, 138–9, 145, 147, 152, 176, 177, 184, 185, 186, 189, 194, 213–4]|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofjung00haym/page/84}}</ref><ref>Carotenuto, A. A secret symmetry. Sabina Spielrien between Jung and Freud. Tran. [[Arnold Pomerans|Arno Pomerans]], John Shepley, Krishna Winston. New York: Pantheon Books, 1982</ref><ref>[[Henry Zvi Lothane|Lothane. Z.]] Tender love and transference. Unpublished letters of C G Jung and Sabina Spielrein. International Journal of Psychoanalysis'. 80, 1999, 1189–1204; [[Henry Zvi Lothane|Lothane, Z.]] (2007b). The snares of seduction in life and in therapy, or what do young [Jewish] girls (Spielrein) seek in their Aryan heroes (Jung), and vice versa? International Forum of Psychoanalysis, 16:12–27, 81–94</ref> A continuing affair with [[Toni Wolff]] is also alleged.<ref>{{cite book |ref=none|author=Catrine Clay|title=Labyrinths: Emma Jung, her Marriage to Carl and the early Years of Psychoanalysis|year=2016|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-0075106-6-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hayman|first=Ronald|title=A Life of Jung|year=2001|edition=1st American|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|location=New York|author-link=Ronald Hayman|isbn=978-0-393-01967-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofjung00haym/page/184 184–8, 189, 244, 261, 262]|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofjung00haym/page/184}}</ref>

===Relationship with Freud===
{{See also|Psychoanalysis}}

====Meeting and collaboration====
[[File:Hall Freud Jung in front of Clark 1909.jpg|thumb|left|Group photo 1909 in front of [[Clark University]]. Front row, [[Sigmund Freud]], [[G. Stanley Hall]], Carl Jung. Back row, [[Abraham Brill]], [[Ernest Jones]], [[Sándor Ferenczi]].]]

Jung and Freud influenced each other during the intellectually formative years of Jung's life. Jung became interested in psychiatry as a student by reading ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis]]'' by [[Richard von Krafft-Ebing]]. In 1900, Jung completed his degree and started work as an intern (voluntary doctor) under the psychiatrist [[Eugen Bleuler]] at Burghölzli Hospital.<ref>Wehr, Gerhard. (1987). ''Jung – A Biography''. Boston/Shaftesbury: Shambhala. {{ISBN|978-0-87773-455-0}}. p.&nbsp;77</ref> It was Bleuler who introduced him to the writings of Freud by asking him to write a review of ''[[The Interpretation of Dreams]]'' (1899). In the early 1900s [[psychology]] as a science was still in its early stages, but Jung became a qualified proponent of Freud's new "psycho-analysis". Freud needed collaborators and pupils to validate and spread his ideas. Burghölzli was a renowned psychiatric clinic in Zurich, and Jung's research had already gained him international recognition. Jung sent Freud a copy of his ''Studies in Word Association'' in 1906.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 1990|title=William McGuire, Ed. The Freud/Jung letters: The correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C. G. Jung, translated by Ralph Manheim and R. F. C. Hull. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988 (first published in 1974 by Princeton University Press). 736 pp. $15.95 (paper)|journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences|volume=26|issue=3|page=303|doi=10.1002/1520-6696(199007)26:3<303::aid-jhbs2300260335>3.0.co;2-e|issn=0022-5061}}</ref> The same year, he published ''Diagnostic Association Studies'', a copy of which he later sent to Freud, who had already purchased a copy.<ref name=diagnostic/> Preceded by a lively correspondence, Jung met Freud for the first time in Vienna on 3 March 1907.<ref>Wehr, p. 105-6.</ref> Jung recalled the discussion between himself and Freud as interminable and unceasing for 13 hours.<ref>Peter Gay, ''Freud: a Life for Our Time'' (London, 1988) p. 202.</ref> Six months later, the then 50-year-old Freud sent a collection of his latest published essays to Jung in Zurich. This began an intense correspondence and collaboration that lasted six years.<ref>McGuire, W. 1974. ''The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C.G. Jung''. Translated by Ralph Manheim and R.F.C. Hull. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-691-09890-6}}</ref> In 1908, Jung became an editor of the newly founded ''Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Research''.

In 1909, Jung traveled with Freud and Hungarian psychoanalyst [[Sándor Ferenczi]] to the United States; in September, they took part in a conference at [[Clark University]] in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], Massachusetts. The conference at Clark University was planned by the psychologist [[G. Stanley Hall]] and included 27 distinguished psychiatrists, neurologists, and psychologists. It represented a watershed in the acceptance of psychoanalysis in North America. This forged welcome links between Jung and influential Americans.<ref name=king>{{Cite book|last=Rosenzwieg |first=Saul |title=Freud, Jung and Hall the King-Maker |year=1992 |publisher=Rana House Press |isbn=978-0-88937-110-1}}</ref> Jung returned to the United States the next year for a brief visit.

In 1910, Freud proposed Jung, "his adopted eldest son, his crown prince, and successor," for the position of lifetime President of the newly formed [[International Psychoanalytical Association]]. However, after forceful objections from his Viennese colleagues, it was agreed Jung would be elected to serve a two-year term of office.<ref>{{cite book|last=Makari|first=George|title=Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis|publisher=Duckworth|date=2008|pages=[https://archive.org/details/revolutioninmind0000maka/page/249 249]|isbn=978-0-7156-3759-3|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutioninmind0000maka/page/249}}</ref>

====Divergence and break====
[[File:Jung 1910-crop.jpg|thumb|upright|Jung outside Burghölzli in 1910]]
While Jung worked on his ''Psychology of the Unconscious: a study of the transformations and symbolisms of the libido'', tensions manifested between him and Freud because of various disagreements, including those concerning the nature of [[libido]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jung|first=Carl|title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesdreamsre00jung|url-access=registration|year=1963|publisher=Pantheon Books|page=[https://archive.org/details/memoriesdreamsre00jung/page/206 206]}}</ref> Jung {{nowrap|de-emphasized}} the importance of sexual development and focused on the collective unconscious: the part of the unconscious that contains memories and ideas that Jung believed were inherited from ancestors. While he did think that the libido was an important source of personal growth, unlike Freud, Jung did not think that the libido alone was responsible for the formation of the core personality.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Heth|title=Psychology: The Science of Behavior|year=2010|publisher=Pearson|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=978-0-205-64524-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/psychologyscienc0004unse/page/434 434]|url=https://archive.org/details/psychologyscienc0004unse/page/434}}</ref>

In 1912, these tensions came to a peak because Jung felt severely slighted after Freud visited his colleague [[Ludwig Binswanger]] in [[Kreuzlingen]] without paying him a visit in nearby Zurich, an incident Jung referred to as "the Kreuzlingen gesture". Shortly thereafter, Jung again traveled to the US and gave the [[Fordham University]] lectures, a six-week series, which were published later in the year as ''Psychology of the Unconscious'', subsequently republished as ''[[Symbols of Transformation]]''. While they contain remarks on Jung's dissenting view on the libido, they represent largely a "psychoanalytical Jung" and not the theory of analytical psychology, for which he became famous in the following decades. Nonetheless, it was their publication which, Jung declared, "cost me my friendship with Freud".<ref name="Gay 2006 225">{{cite book|last=Gay|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Gay|title= Freud: A Life for Our Time|publisher=Norton| date =2006 | page = 225}}</ref>

Another disagreement with Freud stemmed from their differing concepts of the unconscious.<ref>Mary Williams, "The Indivisibility of the Personal and Collective Unconscious", ''Journal of Analytical Psychology'' 8.1, January 1963. See also: Jung, ''Collected Works'' vol. 9.I (1959), "The Concept of the Collective Unconscious" (1936), ¶91 (p. 43).</ref> Jung saw Freud's theory of the unconscious as incomplete, unnecessarily negative, and inelastic. According to Jung, Freud conceived the unconscious solely as a repository of repressed emotions and desires.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/jun/06/carl-jung-freud-nazis|title=Carl Jung, part 2: A troubled relationship with Freud – and the Nazis|last=Vernon|first=Mark|date=6 June 2011|work=The Guardian|access-date=19 July 2017|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Jung's observations overlap to an extent with Freud's model of the unconscious, what Jung called the "[[personal unconscious]]", but his hypothesis is more about a process than a static model, and he also proposed the existence of a second, overarching form of the unconscious beyond the personal, that he named the psychoid—a term borrowed from neo-vitalist philosopher and embryologist [[Hans Driesch]] (1867–1941)—but with a somewhat altered meaning.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Addison, Ann|title=Jung, vitalism and the ''psychoid'': an historical reconstruction|journal=Journal of Analytical Psychology|year=2009|volume=54|issue=1|pages=123–42|doi=10.1111/j.1468-5922.2008.01762.x|pmid=19161521}}</ref> The [[collective unconscious]] is not so much a 'geographical location', but a deduction from the alleged ubiquity of [[Jungian archetypes|archetypes]] over space and time.{{clarify|date=December 2023}}

In November 1912, Jung and Freud met in [[Munich]] for a meeting among prominent colleagues to discuss psychoanalytical journals.<ref name=jones1963>Jones, Ernest, ed. [[Lionel Trilling]] and Steven Marcus. ''The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud'', New York: Anchor Books, 1963.</ref> At a talk about a new psychoanalytic essay on [[Amenhotep IV]], Jung expressed his views on how it related to actual conflicts in the psychoanalytic movement. While Jung spoke, Freud suddenly fainted, and Jung carried him to a couch.<ref name="theguardian" />

Jung and Freud personally met for the last time in September 1913 at the Fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress in Munich. Jung gave a talk on psychological types, the [[introvert]] and [[extravert]]ed types, in [[analytical psychology]].

===Midlife isolation===
It was the publication of Jung's book ''The Psychology of the Unconscious'' in 1912 that led to the final break with Freud. The letters they exchanged show Freud's refusal to consider Jung's ideas. This rejection caused what Jung described in his posthumously published autobiography, ''Memories, Dreams, Reflections'' (1962) as a "resounding censure". Everyone he knew dropped away from him except two of his colleagues. After the Munich congress, he was on the verge of a suicidal psychosis that precipitated his writing of his ''Red Book,'' his seven-volume personal diaries that were only published partially and posthumously in 2009. Eleven years later, in 2020, they were published as his ''Black Books.'' Jung described his 1912 book as "an attempt, only partially successful, to create a wider setting for medical psychology and to bring the whole of the psychic phenomena within its purview". The book was later revised and retitled ''Symbols of Transformation'' in 1952.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adler |first=Gerhard |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315727615 |title=Symbols of Transformation |date=5 December 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-72761-5 |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315727615}}</ref>

====London 1913–1914====
Jung spoke at meetings of the Psycho-Medical Society in London in 1913 and 1914. His travels were soon interrupted by the war, but his ideas continued to receive attention in England primarily through the efforts of [[Constance Long]], who translated and published the first English volume of his collected writings.<ref>McGuire, William. (1995), 'Firm Affinities: Jung's relations with Britain and the United States' in ''Journal of analytical Psychology'', '''40''', p. 301-326.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jung|first=C. G.|title=Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/collectedpapers00junggoog|year=1916|publisher=Bailliere, Tindall and Cox|others=Dr. Constance E. Long}}</ref>

====''The Black Books and The Red Book''====
{{main|The Red Book (Jung)|Black Books (Jung)}}
[[File:The_Red_Book_-_Liber_Novus.jpg|thumb|left|The Red Book resting on Jung's desk]]
In 1913, at the age of 38, Jung experienced a horrible "confrontation with the unconscious". He saw visions and heard voices. He worried at times that he was "menaced by a psychosis" or was "doing a schizophrenia". He decided that it was a valuable experience and, in private, he induced hallucinations or, in his words, a process of "[[active imagination]]". He recorded everything he experienced in small journals, which Jung referred to in the singular as his ''[[Black Books (Jung)|Black Book]]'',<ref name="blackbooks">{{cite book |last1=Jung |first1=Carl |editor1-last=Shamdasani |editor1-first=Sonu |title=The Black Books of C.G. Jung (1913–1932) |date=October 2020 |publisher=Stiftung der Werke von C. G. Jung & W. W. Norton & Company |at=Volume 1 page 113 |section=Editors Note}}</ref> considering it a "single integral whole", even though some of these original journals have a brown cover.<ref name="blackbooks" />  The material Jung wrote was subjected to several edits, hand-written and typed, including another, "second layer" of text, his continual psychological interpretations during the process of editing.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jung |first1=C.G. |title=The Red Book Reader's Edition |date=2012 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |pages=105–110 |chapter=Editor's Note}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jung |first1=C.G. |title=The Red Book |date=2009 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |pages=225–226 |chapter=Editor's Note}}</ref>  Around 1915, Jung commissioned a large red leather-bound book,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jung |first1=C.G. |title=The Red Book |date=2009 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |page=203 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jung |first1=C.G. |title=The Red Book Reader's Edition |date=2012 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |page=32 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> and began to transcribe his notes and paint, working intermittently for sixteen years.<ref name="Corbett">{{cite news|author=Corbett, Sara|title=The Holy Grail of the Unconscious|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/20/magazine/20jung-t.html|date=16 September 2009|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=20 September 2009}}</ref>

Jung left no posthumous instructions about the final disposition of what he called the ''Liber Novus'' or ''Red Book''. [[Sonu Shamdasani]], a historian of psychology from London, tried for three years to persuade Jung's resistant heirs to have it published. Ulrich Hoerni, Jung's grandson who manages the Jung archives, decided to publish it when the necessary additional funds were raised through the [[Philemon Foundation]].<ref name="Corbett"/>  Up to September 2008, fewer than about two dozen people had ever seen it.

In 2007, two technicians for DigitalFusion, working with New York City publishers [[W. W. Norton & Company]], scanned the manuscript with a 10,200-pixel scanner. It was published on 7 October 2009 in German, with a "separate English translation along with Shamdasani's introduction and footnotes" at the back of the book. According to Sara Corbett, reviewing the text for ''[[The New York Times]]'', "The book is bombastic, baroque and like so much else about Carl Jung, a willful oddity, synched with an [[antediluvian]] and mystical reality."<ref name="Corbett"/>

The [[Rubin Museum of Art]] in New York City displayed Jung's ''Red Book'' leather folio, as well as some of his original "Black Book" journals, from 7 October 2009 to 15 February 2010.<ref name="Rubin">{{cite web|url=http://www.rmanyc.org/nav/exhibitions/view/308 |title=The Red Book of C. G. Jung |publisher=Rubin Museum of Art |access-date=20 September 2009  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711195944/http://www.rmanyc.org/nav/exhibitions/view/308 |archive-date=11 July 2009 }}</ref> According to them, "During the period in which he worked on this book Jung developed his principal theories of archetypes, collective unconscious, and the process of individuation." Two-thirds of the pages bear Jung's [[illuminated manuscript|illuminations]] and illustrations to the text.<ref name="Rubin" />

===Wartime army service===
During World War I, Jung was drafted as an army doctor and soon made commandant of an internment camp for British officers and soldiers. The Swiss were neutral and obliged to intern personnel from either side of the conflict, who crossed their frontier to evade capture. Jung worked to improve the conditions of soldiers stranded in Switzerland and encouraged them to attend university courses.<ref>{{cite book|last=Crowley|first=Vivianne|title=Jung: A Journey of Transformation|year=1999|publisher=Quest Books|page=[https://archive.org/details/jung00vivi/page/56 56]|isbn=978-0-8356-0782-7|url=https://archive.org/details/jung00vivi/page/56}}</ref>{{sfn|Hoerni|Fischer|Kaufmann|2019|p=260}}

===Travels===
Jung emerged from his period of isolation in the late 1910s with the publication of several journal articles, followed in 1921 with ''[[Psychological Types]]'', one of his most influential books. There followed a decade of active publication, interspersed with overseas travels.

====England (1920, 1923, 1925, 1935, 1938, 1946)====
Constance Long arranged for Jung to deliver a seminar in [[Cornwall]] in 1920. Another seminar was held in 1923, this one organized by Jung's British protégé [[Helton Godwin Baynes]] (known as "Peter") (1882–1943), and another in 1925.<ref name="McGuire"/>

[[File:Beatrice Ensor Jung Montreux 1923.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Beatrice Ensor]] and Jung in Montreux, Switzerland, 1923, for the Second International [[New Education Movement|New Education Fellowship]] Conference]]
In 1935, at the invitation of his close British friends and colleagues, [[Helton Godwin Baynes|H. G. Baynes]], [[Edward Armstrong Bennet|E. A. Bennet]] and [[Hugh Crichton-Miller]], Jung gave a series of lectures at the [[Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust|Tavistock Clinic]] in London, later published as part of the ''Collected Works''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jung, C.G.|title=Tavistock Lectures, in The Symbolic Life|series= Collected Works, vol.18 |location = London | publisher = Routledge<!-- | year =1935 -->|pages=1–182|isbn=978-0-7100-8291-6|author-link=Carl Jung}}</ref>

In 1938, Jung was awarded an honorary degree by the [[University of Oxford]].{{sfn|Hoerni|Fischer|Kaufmann|2019|p=261}} At the tenth International Medical Congress for Psychotherapy held at Oxford from 29 July to 2 August 1938, Jung gave the presidential address, followed by a visit to [[Cheshire]] to stay with the Bailey family at Lawton Mere.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lunding|first1=N. Chr.|last2=Bruel|first2=Oluf|date=March 1939|title=The Tenth International Congress of Medical Psychotherapy in Oxford, July 29 to August 2, 1938.|journal=Journal of Personality|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=255–258|doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.1939.tb02147.x|issn=0022-3506}}</ref>

In 1946, Jung agreed to become the first Honorary President of the newly formed [[Society of Analytical Psychology]] in London, having previously approved its training programme devised by [[Michael Fordham]].<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Thomas B. Kirsch]]|title =The Jungians: a Comparative and Historical Perspective|publisher=Routledge|date=2012|page=40|isbn=978-1-134-72551-9}}</ref>

====United States 1909–1912, 1924–1925, & 1936–1937====
During the period of Jung's [[#Relationship with Freud|collaboration with Freud]], both visited the US in 1909 to lecture at Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts,<ref name=king/> where both were awarded honorary degrees. In 1912, Jung gave a series of lectures at Fordham University, New York, which were published later in the year as ''[[Psychology of the Unconscious]]''.<ref name="Gay 2006 225"/> Jung made a more extensive trip westward in the winter of 1924–5, financed and organized by Fowler McCormick and George Porter. Of particular value to Jung was a visit with [[Ochwiay Biano|Chief Mountain Lake]] of the [[Taos Pueblo]] near [[Taos, New Mexico]].<ref name="McGuire">{{cite journal|last=McGuire|first=William|title= Firm Affinities: Jung's relations with Britain and the United States|journal=Journal of Analytical Psychology|year=1995|volume=40|pages=301–326|doi=10.1111/j.1465-5922.1995.00301.x|issue=3}}</ref>  Jung made another trip to America in 1936, receiving an honorary degree at Harvard<ref>{{cite journal |title=Degrees Conferred at the Harvard Tercentenary Celebration|journal=Science |series=New Series |volume=84|issue=2178 |date=25 September 1936 |pages=285–286|doi=10.1126/science.84.2178.285-a|jstor=1662296}}</ref> and giving lectures in New York and New England for his growing group of American followers. He returned in 1937 to deliver the [[Terry Lectures]] at [[Yale University]], later published as ''Psychology and Religion''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Psychology and Western Religion|last=Jung|first=Carl|publisher=Ark Routledge|year=1988|isbn=978-0-7448-0091-3|page=v|quote=A third and equally weighty essay is ''Psychology and Religion'', originally given as the Terry Lectures at Yale University in 1937.}} Editorial Note by William McGuire.</ref>

====East Africa====
In October 1925, Jung embarked on his most ambitious expedition, the "Bugishu Psychological Expedition" to East Africa. He was accompanied by his English friend, [[Helton Godwin Baynes|"Peter" Baynes]], and an American associate, [[George Beckwith (Carl Jung associate)|George Beckwith]]. On the voyage to Africa, they became acquainted with an English woman named Ruth Bailey, who joined their safari a few weeks later. The group traveled through Kenya and Uganda to the slopes of [[Mount Elgon]], where Jung hoped to increase his understanding of "primitive psychology" through conversations with the culturally isolated residents of that area. Later, he concluded that the major insights he had gleaned had to do with himself and the European psychology in which he had been raised.<ref>{{cite book|title=Race and White Identity in Southern Fiction: From Faulkner to Morrison|url=https://archive.org/details/racewhiteidentit00duva|url-access=limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/racewhiteidentit00duva/page/n185 165]|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|first=John N.|last=Duvall|isbn=978-0-230-61182-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Burleson|first=Blake W.|title=Jung in Africa|year=2005|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-8264-6921-2}}</ref>  One of Jung's most famous proposed constructs is kinship libido. Jung defined this as an instinctive feeling of belonging to a particular group or family and believed it was vital to the human experience and used this as an endogamous aspect of the libido and what lies amongst the family. This is similar to a Bantu term called [[Ubuntu philosophy|Ubuntu]] that emphasizes humanity and almost the same meaning as kinship libido, which is, "I am because you are."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vaughan |first1=A.G |title=African American cultural history and reflections on Jung in the African Diaspora |journal=Journal of Analytical Psychology |date=2019 |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=320–348 |doi=10.1111/1468-5922.12501|pmid=31070251 |s2cid=148570214 }}</ref>

====India====
[[File:ETH-BIB-Jung, Carl Gustav (1875-1961)-Portrait-Portr 14163 (cropped).tif|thumb|left|upright|Jung in about 1935]]
In December 1937, Jung left Zurich again for an extensive tour of India with Fowler McCormick. In India, he felt himself "under the direct influence of a foreign culture" for the first time. In Africa, his conversations had been strictly limited by the language barrier, but he could converse extensively in India. [[Hindu philosophy]] became an important element in his understanding of the role of symbolism and the life of the unconscious, though he avoided a meeting with [[Ramana Maharshi]]. He described Ramana as being absorbed in "the self". During these travels, he visited the [[Vedagiriswarar Temple]], where he had a conversation with a local expert about the symbols and sculptures on the [[gopuram]] of this temple. He later wrote about this conversation<ref>"When I visited the ancient pagoda at Turukalukundram [''sic''], southern India, a local pundit explained to me that the old temples were purposely covered on the outside, from top to bottom, with obscene sculptures, to remind ordinary people of their sexuality. The spirit, he said, was a great danger because ''Yama'', the god of death, would instantly carry off these people (the "imperfecti") if they trod the spiritual path directly, without preparation. The erotic sculptures were meant to remind them of their ''dharma'' (law), which bids them fulfil their ordinary lives. Only when they have fulfilled their dharma can they tread the spiritual path. The obscenities were intended to arouse the erotic curiosity of visitors to the temples so that they should not forget their dharma; otherwise, they would not fulfil it. Only the man who was qualified by his ''karma'' (the fate earned through works in previous existences) and who was destined for the life of the spirit could ignore this injunction with impunity, for to him, these obscenities mean nothing. That was also why the two seductresses stood at the temple entrance, luring the people to fulfill their dharma, because only in this way could the ordinary man attain higher spiritual development. And since the temple represented the whole world, all human activities were portrayed. Because most people are always thinking of sex anyway, the great majority of the temple sculptures were of an erotic nature. For this reason, too, he said, the ''lingam'' (phallus) stands in the sacred cavity of the ''adyton'' (Holy of Holies), in the ''garbha griha'' (house of the womb). This pundit was a Tantrist (scholastic; tantra = 'book')." -- C. G. Jung, from {{cite book |last=Segal |first=Rober A. |date=1992 |title=The Gnostic Jung |location=New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press|page=86 |isbn=978-0-691-01923-9}}</ref> in his book [[The Collected Works of C. G. Jung#Aion|Aion]].<ref>Also published in his [[The Collected Works of C. G. Jung|Collected Works]] as a footnote to paragraph 339 in chapter 7.{{cite book |last=Jung |first=Carl Gustav |date=1989 |title=Aion - Beiträge zur Symbolik des Selbst |edition=7 |series=C G Jung Gesammelte Werke |volume = 9/2 |at=para. 339 |location=Olten und Freiburg im Breisgau |publisher=Walter Verlag |isbn= 3-530-40798-4| chapter=VII-Gnostische Symbole des Selbst}}</ref> Jung became seriously ill on this trip and endured two weeks of [[delirium]] in a Calcutta hospital. After 1938, his travels were confined to Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bair |first=Deirdre |title= Jung: A Biography |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-316-07665-4 |pages=417–430|publisher=Little, Brown }}</ref>

===Later life and death===
[[File:Interview with C. G. Jung in Küsnacht (Carl Gustav Jung), Swiss psychiatrist, depth psychologist 5.tif|thumb|upright|Jung in a 1955 interview]]
Jung became a full professor of medical psychology at the University of Basel in 1943 but resigned after a heart attack the next year to lead a more private life. In 1945, he began corresponding with an English [[Roman Catholic]] priest, Father [[Victor White (priest)|Victor White]], who became a close friend, regularly visiting the Jungs at the Bollingen estate.<ref name=":2" /> Jung became ill again in 1952.{{sfn|Hoerni|Fischer|Kaufmann|2019|p=262}}

Jung continued to publish books until the end of his life, including ''Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Skies'' (1959), which analyzed the archetypal meaning and possible psychological significance of the reported observations of [[UFO]]s.<ref>''The Collected Works of C. G. Jung'', p. 152, by Siegfried M. Clemens, Carl Gustav Jung, 1978.</ref> In 1961, he wrote his last work, a contribution to ''[[Man and His Symbols]]'' entitled "Approaching the Unconscious" (published posthumously in 1964).{{sfn|Hoerni|Fischer|Kaufmann|2019|p=262}} Jung died on 6 June 1961 at Küsnacht after a short illness.<ref name="hayman2001" />{{rp|450}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Bair|first=Deirdre|title=Jung|url=https://archive.org/details/jungbiography00bair|url-access=limited|publisher=Little, Brown|location=Boston|year=2003|isbn=978-0-316-07665-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jungbiography00bair/page/622 622]–3}}</ref> He had been beset by [[Cardiovascular disease|circulatory diseases]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0726.html | title=Dr. Carl G. Jung is Dead at 85; Pioneer in Analytic Psychology| newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>